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90000 Excavated tanks (farm dams) | Agriculture and Food 90001 90002 What is an ‘excavated tank’ or ‘farm dam’? 90003 90004 Dams block an existing waterway, and earth tanks are an excavation into which water is diverted. This page only deals with excavated tanks, which can be hillside dams, excavated earth tanks, ring or turkey nest tanks. 90005 90004 An excavated tank is an earth structure on near-level land used to store water, in which part of the storage capacity is below ground level.On sloping land, the tank is often called a hillside dam or just a farm dam. The excavation can be rectangular or square — with 3 or 4 walls — or circular. 90005 90004 The following guidelines are for rectangular, square and circular excavated tanks that do not require a civil engineer. 90005 90002 Why use hillside dams? 90003 90004 Hillside dams are a cost-efficient way of collecting and storing run-off water from winter rainfall where there is no easily accessible and suitable groundwater for pumping.Also, hillside dams avoid shallow saline watertables in the valley floors. Many of the soils in the south-west agricultural areas have sufficient clay content to provide a good seal. A disadvantage of hillside dams is that they have relatively large surface areas for the dam volume, and net evaporation rates in the dry summer are often greater than 1500mm. 90005 90002 Recommended good practice 90003 90004 Depending on the type of excavated tank: 90005 90018 90019 choose the right design and construction for the site (see below) 90020 90019 test and use clay soils that will seal the dam 90020 90019 use improved catchments (roaded catchments) 90020 90019 use silt traps and pipe inlets 90020 90019 use designed spillways for the silt trap and tank 90020 90019 fence the roaded catchment, silt trap and tank to exclude livestock 90020 90019 pump and reticulate from the tank to storage or watering points.90020 90033 90002 How hillside dams are used 90003 90004 Hillside dams are used: 90005 90018 90019 where filling is from a natural or improved catchment (grade banks or roaded catchment) 90020 90019 where the front wall of the structure is open or continuous with piped inlets 90020 90019 for supplying single paddocks or drought-proofing whole farms 90020 90019 for livestock water supplies 90020 90019 for crop spraying water 90020 90019 for domestic use on-farm 90020 90019 for fire-fighting water supplies 90020 90019 for aquaculture.90020 90033 90004 Back to top 90005 90002 How hillside dams work 90003 90004 Hillside dams are most effective at holding water when the base and inside walls of the dam are sealed with clay of low permeability to minimise leakage, and when catchments are improved to increase and collect run-off. In many agricultural areas of Western Australia (WA), run-off from crop land and pasture is not adequate to reliably fill farm dams. Run-off can be improved by using grade banks and roaded catchments (Figure 1).90005 90004 Conditions where these guidelines apply: 90005 90018 90019 on gently to moderately sloping land, for excavated tanks and hillside dams in agricultural and pastoral areas 90020 90019 anywhere there is a requirement for initial or additional water supplies 90020 90019 near to, but clear of , streams, creeks and rivers; positioned so that the overflow from the structure can be safely diverted to a stream, creek or river 90020 90019 where a natural or improved (roaded) catchment is of sufficient area to fill the farm dam.90020 90033 90002 Types of dams 90003 90076 Rectangular or square excavated tanks with three or four walls 90077 90004 These are the most common type of farm dams in the agricultural areas of WA. Excavated tanks need to be constructed of clay or have a clay lining that is 0.7 to 1.0m thick. A 3-walled excavated tank is open at ground level on the uphill, and the excavated soil is used to construct the 3 walls above ground with freeboard above the full supply level. Four-walled and round excavated tanks optimise capacity and minimise siltation.90005 90076 Double dams 90077 90004 Double dams (Figure 2) are useful where watertables limit depth of a dam. The design reduces the loss of water to evaporation by having smaller and deeper excavations to limit the surface area relative to the volume. Evaporation reduction is particularly effective when the smaller dam is kept topped up by pumping from the larger dam. 90005 90076 Ring and turkey nest tanks 90077 90004 Ring and turkey nest tanks (Figures 3 and 4) are used on flatter sites where shallow saline watertables may be present.The base of the dam can be near ground level. Ring tank (Figure 4) walls are usually constructed from earth ‘borrowed’ from a ring inside the tank, with a centre ‘island’ at normal ground level. This type of tank is prone to leakage (there can be low levels of clay in the excavated soil) and high evaporation loss relative to hillside excavated tanks (the surface area relative to water volume is high). 90005 90004 Turkey nest dams consist of a completely enclosed earth embankment, which is filled by pumping from an alternative water source (i.e. a creek, groundwater or other smaller dams). These dams are usually sited as high as possible in the landscape so that water can be reticulated from them to other parts of the property. 90005 90004 The dams built in WA do not usually retain a mound of soil in the centre and are smaller than those in New South Wales and Queensland. Turkey nest dams require a site that is reasonably flat with good dam building clay not more than a metre below the surface; otherwise, the cost of overburden removal reduces the cost effectiveness of construction.90005 90004 Turkey nest tank walls are constructed mostly from earth borrowed from outside the tank. The tank in Figure 4 has used this excavated area as a catchment, and the centre of the tank has been excavated to some degree. The milky blue colour is caused by suspended clay in the very fresh water. Water from this tank is pumped and reticulated to other parts of the property near Esperance. 90005 90004 Back to top 90005 90002 Planning considerations 90003 90004 The 90099 Occupational Safety and Health Act одна тисяча дев’ятсот вісімдесят чотири 90100 sets objectives to promote and improve occupational safety and health standards.The Act sets out broad duties and is supported by more detailed requirements in the Occupational Safety and Health Regulations 1996. 90005 90004 The legislation is further supported by guidance material, such as approved Codes of Practice, through WorkSafe Western Australia. ‘Code of Practice — Excavations’ applies to all workplaces where excavation occurs and particularly when «a person is required to work in an excavated area or other opening in the ground that is at least 1.5m deep». This is especially relevant to soil test pits and pipes in trenches.90005 90004 Local government may have limitations on dam placement, especially in relation to roads and other infrastructure. For example, dams are not to be sited within 100m of a watercourse or within 200m of roads. 90005 90004 Guidelines: 90005 90018 90019 avoid sites close to and above buildings, work sites, roads, and valuable infrastructure 90020 90019 avoid valley floors or drainage lines with shallow watertables; check options for reducing salt build up in dams 90020 90019 allow space above the dam for improved catchment structures (grade banks or roaded catchments) 90020 90019 calculate water needs for a full year in dry conditions 90020 90019 calculate water flows and storage based on dry years , and for the intended improved catchment structures 90020 90019 design inflow (silt traps, piped inlets) and outlets (outlet pipes, emergency spillway) to safely handle peak flows from intense storms 90020 90019 design dam and water access to reduce erosion and allow for maintenance — we recommend that you do not have direct access by livestock 90020 90019 use fewer, larger dams and reticulation to reduce evaporation losses and increase flexibility of water distribution.90020 90033 90002 Design criteria 90003 90004 90129 Site characteristics 90130 are accurately measured with particular attention to site slope, topsoil depth, overflow disposal and available area of ​​catchment / improved catchment. 90005 90004 90129 Excavation site 90130 should be drilled, or test pits dug, to 1m below the proposed maximum depth of the excavation. Drill 1 hole through the centre and 4 holes — one in each corner — through the floor of the proposed structure. Take soil samples and note the presence of subsurface water, rock and gravel or sand seams.90005 90004 90129 Soil types 90130 at the construction site are field-tested and classified to ensure the stability of the proposed structure. Soil is field classified for engineering properties using the Unified Soil Classification System. Test with particular attention to dispersion, aggregation, cracking and grading. 90005 90004 90129 Clay content 90130 is to be at least 25%. 90005 90004 90129 Structure capacity 90130 is determined by assessing water requirements and catchment yield with consideration of evaporation and seepage.90005 90004 90129 Excavation shape 90130 is round, rectangular or square with consideration to having the embankment (wall / s) constructed continuously around the structure to reduce evaporation, control inflow and exclude paddock debris generated by severe storms. On flatter ground, consider using round dams, because this shape has the smallest surface area relative to volume for evaporation to affect. 90005 90004 90129 Catchment peak flow run-off 90130 — where natural catchment is diverted into the dam, the peak flow run-off is determined using a recognised method, such as the Flood Index Method or the Rational Method.Usually 10 hectares of natural catchment, directed by grade banks, is appropriate for each 1000m 90155 3 90156 of storage. The peak flow run-off can be used to determine spillway dimensions. See Australian Rainfall and Runoff for more information. 90005 90004 90129 Improved (roaded) catchment area 90130 is determined using daily rainfall data, catchment runoff threshold, and target dam volume. 90005 90004 90129 Depth 90130 is adequate for providing sufficient water supplies and allowing for evaporation loss.Depth should be greater than annual evaporation, or greater than total evaporation for the chosen design period if the dam is for drought-proofing. Many sites are depth limited by saline watertables or other constraints. Common depth is 5-6m and a volume of 5000-6000m 90155 3 90156. 90005 90004 90129 Sideslope (batter) ratio 90130 is usually 3: 1. 90005 90004 90129 Freeboard 90130 is a minimum of 1m above the maximum water level. 90005 90004 90129 Overflow — 90130 the crest is set at the maximum water level for the dam.Where a silt pit is installed, overflow can be set out from the silt pit. Overflow is to discharge clear of the dam walls. Where there is a risk of crest erosion, materials other than earth can be used; flumes and chutes are potential applications. 90005 90004 Use the Weir formula to calculate the crest width for the chosen overflow depth for a 1-in-20 to 1-in-50 year (return period) peak flow discharge. Calculations based on the greater return period are recommended for larger dams with large, natural or improved catchments.Chosen flow depth should be small enough that the dam freeboard is not compromised. Consult a specialist engineer or trained contractor for using this formula: 90181 w = Q / (1.7h 90155 1.5 90156) 90181 where: 90181 w = drop structure width across stream (m) 90181 Q = design flow or crest capacity (m 90155 3 90156 s 90155 -1 90156) 90181 h = design depth of flow at crest (m) 90005 90004 90129 Mechanical spillways 90130, such as a pipe with hooded inlet or a riser, can be used to overflow the dam where frequent low flows could damage the constructed overflow.Top of the hooded inlet or riser is set at the maximum water level of the dam and to discharge clear of the walls. Without compromising the dam’s freeboard, the main overflow crest can be set 0.1-0.15m higher. 90005 90004 Pipes are 150 or 200mm nominal bore PVC and have a debris shield, rack or strainer fitted to the inlet end of the pipe. 90005 90004 90129 Piped drop inlet, sump inlet and headwall with inlet pipes 90130 are set out above the dam. Top water surface of the inlet is set at the maximum water surface of the dam.90005 90004 Inlets are designed in such a way as to regulate surges of flow from high run-off events that would otherwise damage the dam. Trash rack or strainer screen should be installed to exclude paddock debris. 90005 90004 Inlet structures are constructed of concrete, sand bags, gabions or large diameter concrete pipes (up to 900mm diameter installed vertically over inlet pipe ends). Inlet pipes are 150 or 200mm nominal bore PVC. 90005 90004 To contain the approximate amount of run-off from a 10-year average recurrence interval (ARI) storm, one inlet pipe is required per hectare of natural and improved catchment.Up to 3 pipes are required to contain a 50-year ARI. The larger (200mm) nominal bore pipes are used in agricultural areas with higher average annual rainfall. 90005 90004 90129 Silt pit with inlet pipes 90130 is recommended on all new hillside dams. 90005 90004 Dams with roaded or improved catchments and less than 25ha of farmland catchment should have a minimum of 250m 90155 3 90156 of pit storage for each hectare of roaded or improved catchment, and a minimum pit storage of 1000m 90155 3 90156.90005 90004 Minimum of three 100 mm poly (black) or PVC (class 12) inlet pipes or two 150mm poly (black) or PVC (class 12 minimum specification) inlet pipes. 90005 90004 Minimum of one 100mm poly or PVC inlet pipe per hectare of roaded / artificial catchment or one150mm poly or PVC pipe per 2.5 hectares of roaded or improved catchment. 90005 90004 Silt pit volumes ranging from 100 to 1000m 90155 3 90156 may be appropriate. There will be some loss of run-off through evaporation of water retained in the pit, as inlet pipes must be set above the settled debris and silt.90005 90004 Pipe sizes and numbers are to be matched to inflows similar to inlets (above) and to be fitted with a trash rack or strainer screen. 90005 90004 90129 Planning methodology 90130 — identify sites that may be suitable for a dam. Given water requirements, catchment / improved catchment run-off / yield, evaporation and leakage over a design period, calculate the structure capacity, shape and dimensions. Choose the layout of structure, catchment, inlet, outlet and safe overflow disposal.90005 90004 Determine catchment / improved catchment dimensions and confirm site suitability by pegging layout. 90005 90004 90129 Volume of completed structures 90130 needs to be confirmed by measuring and calculating the top, middle and bottom areas as well as measured depth. The formula for all excavated shapes is the prismoidal formula expressed as: 90005 90004 V = (A + 4M + B) d / 6 90005 90004 where: 90181 V = volume 90181 A = top area of ​​excavation (area of ​​water surface when full) 90181 B = bottom area of ​​excavation (area of ​​floor) 90181 M = area at ½ depth 90181 d = depth 90005 90004 For convenient calculating, the following derivations of the prismoidal formula can be used for each excavated shape.90005 90004 Circular: 90005 90004 V = π [R 90155 2 90156 + (Rr) + r 90155 2 90156] d / 3 90005 90004 Rectangular: 90005 90004 V = [(LW) + (lw) + [(L + l) . (W + w)]] d / 6 90005 90004 Square: 90005 90004 V = L 90155 2 90156 + (Ll) + l 90155 2 90156] d / 3 90005 90004 where in all formulae: 90181 V = volume (m 90155 3 90156) 90181 R = radius of water surface (m) 90181 r = radius of floor (m) 90181 d = depth (m) 90181 π = Pi or 22 ÷ 7 or 3.14159 90181 L = length of water surface (m) 90181 W = width of water surface (m) 90181 l = length of floor (m) 90181 w = width of floor (m) 90181 d = depth of water from surface to floor (m) 90005 90002 Volume of water in older dams 90003 90004 See calculating farm dam water volumes for a guide.90005 90004 Back to top 90005 90002 Safety and environmental aspects 90003 90004 Before construction, consult the local government authority, neighbours and, where needed, a specialist engineer or trained contractor. Take care in siting and constructing farm dams to avoid the risk of injury to people and damage to property or infrastructure. Failure of dam walls can lead to flash flooding. Eroded material from poorly planned, constructed or maintained structures can reduce flow capacities when deposited in downstream channels.90005 90002 Legal aspects — Statute and common law 90003 90004 Interference with a watercourse in a proclaimed surface water management area is controlled under the provisions of the 90099 Rights in Water and Irrigation Act 1914 90100 (WA). In certain circumstances excavated tanks or hillside dams may need a licence so check with the Department of Water and Environmental Regulation to see if your excavated tank or hillside dam needs a licence. 90005 90004 Local government councils often require their Chief Executive Officer is notified of proposals to construct farm dams near road reserves or land vested in the shire council.90005 90004 Common law rules govern the flow of surface water discharged into watercourses. To reduce the likelihood of cross-boundary disputes: 90005 90018 90019 construct water-impounding structures so they do not have a detrimental effect on streams further down the catchment 90020 90019 take reasonable steps to ensure the safety of another person and another person’s property 90020 90019 consider what effect planned earthworks will have on other people and seek consent from any person that may be affected 90020 90019 take care during construction and maintenance to stop the loss of disturbed material from the site.90020 90033 90002 Construction 90003 90018 90019 Prepare site by pegging and referencing corners (square and rectangular shapes) or centre (circular shape). Measure fall across the site for calculating any storage volume above the excavation. Install a temporary bench mark (TBM) in a protected location. 90020 90019 Remove topsoil and stockpile clear of the embankment (wall) location. 90020 90019 Excavate core trench under the embankments if pervious materials are present under the topsoil.Core trench must extend 1m into impervious material. 90020 90019 Build the embankments by excavating in ‘floors’ and pushing material to the correct location. Compact the embankments with the bulldozer weight in 50 to 75mm layers or compact 150mm layers with a sheepsfoot roller. Embankment sideslope ratios can be confirmed by using an electronic builders slope finder or battometer. 90020 90019 Install inlet and outlet pipes early in construction of the embankments. 90020 90019 Construct the overflow and ‘final trim’ structure.90020 90019 Spread the stockpiled topsoil on the outside batters and embankment top. Topsoiling encourages vegetation and helps retain embankment moisture and resist cracking. 90020 90033 90002 Operation and maintenance 90003 90018 90019 Inspect embankments for safety and seepage. Check for cracking and piping and movement cracks. Look for erosion of sideslopes, inlets and outlets. There are several treatment options for leaky dams. 90020 90019 Clear drop inlet, sump inlet, inlet pipes and silt pits of debris and eroded material.Vermin can burrow into inlets, outlets, embankments and improved catchment. Burrows should be dug out and repacked with clay. Vermin around the structure should be eradicated. 90020 90019 Consider fencing the dam and catchment where supply is an important or drought-proofing structure. 90020 90033 90002 References 90003 90018 90019 Bligh, K J 1989, 90099 Soil conservation earthworks design manual 90100, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia. 90020 90019 Clement, JP, Bennett, M, Kwaymullina, A & Gardner, A 2001, 90099 The law of landcare in Western Australia 90100, 2nd edn, Environmental Defender’s Office WA (Inc), Perth, WA.90020 90019 Huffman, RL, Fangmeier, DD, Elliot, WJ & Workman, SR 2013, 90099 Soil and Water Conservation Engineering 90100, 7th edn, American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, St. Joseph, Michigan. 90020 90019 Keen, MG 1998 90099 Common conservation works used in Western Australia 90100, Agriculture Western Australia, Western Australia. 90020 90019 Keen, MG 2001, 90099 Field pocket book of conservation earthworks formulae and tables 90100, Department of Agriculture, Western Australia.90020 90019 Lewis, B 2002 90099 Farm Dams 90100, Land Link Press, Collingwood, Victoria. 90020 90019 WorkSafe Western Australia 1996 року, 90099 Code of practice: excavation 90100, WorkSafe Western Australia, Perth. 90020 90033.90000 90001 excavate | meaning of excavate in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 90002 90003 90004 90005 Present 90006 90007 90004 90005 I, you, we, they 90006 90005 excavate 90006 90007 90004 90005 he, she, it 90006 90005 excavates 90006 90007 90004 90021 > View More 90006 90007 90004 90005 Past 90006 90007 90004 90005 I, you, he, she, it, we, they 90006 90005 excavated 90006 90007 90004 90005 Present perfect 90006 90007 90004 90005 I, you, we, they 90006 90005 have excavated 90006 90007 90004 90005 he, she, it 90006 90005 has excavated 90006 90007 90004 90005 Past perfect 90006 90007 90004 90005 I, you, he, she, it, we, they 90006 90005 had excavated 90006 90007 90004 90005 Future 90006 90007 90004 90005 I, you, he, she , it, we, they 90006 90005 will excavate 90006 90007 90004 90005 Future perfect 90006 90007 90004 90005 I, you, he, she, it, we, they 90006 90005 will have excavated 90006 90007 90004 90021 > View Less 90006 90007 90003 90004 90005 Present 90006 90007 90004 90005 I 90006 90005 am excavating 90006 90007 90004 90005 he, she, it 90006 90005 is excavating 90006 90007 90004 90021 > View More 90006 90007 90004 90005 you, we, they 90006 90005 are excavating 90006 90007 90004 90005 Past 90006 90007 90004 90005 I, he, she, it 90006 90005 was excavating 90006 90007 90004 90005 you, we, they 90006 90005 were excavating 90006 90007 90004 90005 Present perfect 90006 90007 90004 90005 I, you, we, they 90006 90005 have been excavating 90006 90007 90004 90005 he, she, it 90006 90005 has been excavating 90006 90007 90004 90005 Past perfect 90006 90007 90004 90005 I, you, he, she, it, we, they 90006 90005 had been excavating 90006 90007 90004 90005 Future 90006 90007 90004 90005 I, you, he, she, it, we, they 90006 90005 will be excavating 90006 90007 90004 90005 Future perfect 90006 90007 90004 90005 I, you, he , she, it, we, they 90006 90005 will have been excavating 90006 90007 90004 90021 > View Less 90006 90007 90177.90000 Excavate — ComputerCraft Wiki 90001 90002 Excavate is a built in program for turtles that will mine out a specified width square of blocks, all the way down to bedrock level. 90003 90002 It will periodically return to the surface when it is full and drops off mined materials either into an available inventory placed behind it when it starts, or onto the ground. If fuel requirements are enabled, it will also periodically return to the starting point if it requires additional fuel. This program leaves room for improvement, since the turtle moves into every block it mines, when it could instead just move along every third layer and use the turtle.digUp and turtle.digDown commands to clear three layers at a time, which would save time and fuel. 90003 90002 90007 Usage: 90008 90003 90010 90011 90012 Example 90013 90014 90011 90012 Mines a 16×16 wide hole down to bedrock 90013 90014 90011 90020 90007 Code 90008 90013 90020 90025 excavate 16 90026 90013 90014 90029 90030 Code 90031 90002 The excavate program uses the following code: 90003 90025 local tArgs = {…} if #tArgs ~ = 1 then print ( «Usage: excavate «) return end — Mine in a quarry pattern until we hit something we can not dig local size = tonumber (tArgs [1]) if size <1 then print ( "Excavate diameter must be positive") return end local depth = 0 local unloaded = 0 local collected = 0 local xPos, zPos = 0,0 local xDir, zDir = 0,1 local goTo - Filled in further down local refuel - Filled in further down local function unload (_bKeepOneFuelStack) print ( "Unloading items... ") for n = 1,16 do local nCount = turtle.getItemCount (n) if nCount> 0 then turtle.select (n) local bDrop = true if _bKeepOneFuelStack and turtle.refuel (0) then bDrop = false _bKeepOneFuelStack = false end if bDrop then turtle.drop () unloaded = unloaded + nCount end end end collected = 0 turtle.select (1) end local function returnSupplies () local x, y, z, xd, zd = xPos, depth, zPos, xDir, zDir print ( «Returning to surface …») goTo (0,0,0,0, -1) local fuelNeeded = 2 * (x + y + z) + 1 if not refuel (fuelNeeded) then unload (true) print ( «Waiting for fuel») while not refuel (fuelNeeded) do os.pullEvent ( «turtle_inventory») end else unload (true) end print ( «Resuming mining …») goTo (x, y, z, xd, zd) end local function collect () local bFull = true local nTotalItems = 0 for n = 1,16 do local nCount = turtle.getItemCount (n) if nCount == 0 then bFull = false end nTotalItems = nTotalItems + nCount end if nTotalItems> collected then collected = nTotalItems if math.fmod (collected + unloaded, 50) == 0 then print ( «Mined» .. (collected + unloaded) .. «items.») end end if bFull then print ( «No empty slots left.») return false end return true end function refuel (ammount) local fuelLevel = turtle.getFuelLevel () if fuelLevel == «unlimited» then return true end local needed = ammount or (xPos + zPos + depth + 2) if turtle.getFuelLevel () 0 then turtle.select (n) if turtle.refuel (1) then while turtle.getItemCount (n)> 0 and turtle.getFuelLevel () = needed then turtle.select (1) return true end end end end turtle.select (1) return false end return true end local function tryForwards () if not refuel () then print ( «Not enough Fuel») returnSupplies () end while not turtle.forward () do if turtle.detect () then if turtle.dig () then if not collect () then returnSupplies () end else return false end elseif turtle.attack () then if not collect () then returnSupplies () end else sleep (0.5) end end xPos = xPos + xDir zPos = zPos + zDir return true end local function tryDown () if not refuel () then print ( «Not enough Fuel») returnSupplies () end while not turtle.down () do if turtle.detectDown () then if turtle.digDown () then if not collect () then returnSupplies () end else return false end elseif turtle.attackDown () then if not collect () then returnSupplies () end else sleep (0.5) end end depth = depth + 1 if math.fmod (depth, 10) == 0 then print ( «Descended» ..depth .. «metres.») end return true end local function turnLeft () turtle.turnLeft () xDir, zDir = -zDir, xDir end local function turnRight () turtle.turnRight () xDir, zDir = zDir, -xDir end function goTo (x, y, z, xd, zd) while depth> y do if turtle.up () then depth = depth — 1 elseif turtle.digUp () or turtle.attackUp () then collect () else sleep (0.5) end end if xPos> x then while xDir ~ = -1 do turnLeft () end while xPos> x do if turtle.forward () then xPos = xPos — 1 elseif turtle.dig () or turtle.attack () then collect () else sleep (0.5) end end elseif xPos z then while zDir ~ = -1 do turnLeft () end while zPos> z do if turtle.forward () then zPos = zPos — 1 elseif turtle.dig () or turtle.attack () then collect () else sleep (0.5) end end elseif zPos 1 then if math.fmod (size, 2) == 0 then turnRight () else if alternate == 0 then turnLeft () else turnRight () end alternate = 1 — alternate end end if not tryDown () then done = true break end end print ( «Returning to surface …») — Return to where we started goTo (0,0,0,0, -1) unload (false) goTo (0,0,0,0,1) — Seal the hole if reseal then turtle.placeDown () end print ( «Mined» .. (collected + unloaded) .. «items total.») 90026 90030 See also 90031 .90000 definition of excavate by The Free Dictionary 90001 90002 Tegetmeier, I separated two combs, and put between them a long, thick, square strip of wax: the bees instantly began to excavate minute circular pits in it; and as they deepened these little pits, they made them wider and wider until they were converted into shallow basins, appearing to the eye perfectly true or parts of a sphere, and of about the diameter of a cell. 90003 90002 The bees instantly began on both sides to excavate little basins near to each other, in the same way as before; but the ridge of wax was so thin, that the bottoms of the basins, if they had been excavated to the same depth as in the former experiment, would have broken into each other from the opposite sides.90003 90002 Thus, as I believe, the most wonderful of all known instincts, that of the hive-bee, can be explained by natural selection having taken advantage of numerous, successive, slight modifications of simpler instincts; natural selection having by slow degrees, more and more perfectly, led the bees to sweep equal spheres at a given distance from each other in a double layer, and to build up and excavate the wax along the planes of intersection. 90003 This great work must be completed within eight months, so that you have 2,543,400 cubic feet of earth to excavate in 255 days; that is to say, in round numbers, The truth doubtless was, that the same precautions would have been taken against any travelers, because the English Company who have acquired the right to excavate Ephesus, and have paid a great sum for that right, need to be protected, and deserve to be.With its protruding jaws it excavates its winding burrows and with its broad feet it pushes the dirt behind it.class = «MsoNormalINCITING RESIDENTS They usually excavate soil from the land at night and before we realised, he had excavated about 50 metres,» said Mr Ongera.There are three or four companies that have licenses to excavate the mountain to supply the stone for use in the area, ‘he said, adding that the ministry has issued licenses for stone excavation in Phnom Svay 30 since 2000. | Nestboxes contain a chunk of birch for Willow Tits to excavate.| Inset, a cable-tied birch trunk PICTURES: HENRY COOK AS we head towards the BTO National Nestbox Week (February 14-21), a Colwyn Bay birder is trialling a novel nest to help one of North Wales ‘rarest birds.’The identity of the victims has yet to be unmasked, but sources revealed that they hailed from Nibo in Awka South Local Government Area of ​​Anambra State, but were at the site to excavate sand into lorries, » he said.not only to excavate and provisionally study the uncovered material, but also to conduct preservation work and to implement new, non-invasive research techniques already partly tested during the 2013 season.It wants the Culture Ministry to excavate the historical site so it can fast-track approval on several projects, including building new homes, places of worship and key infrastructure facilities. .

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