Целостная устойчивая группа сельскохозяйственных или некоторых других животных одного вида, обладающая определенными признаками и особенностями, передающимися по наследству.
Лошади орловской породы. Порода собак. Выведение новой породы овец.
□
[На пруду] выводилось и держалось бесчисленное множество уток всех возможных пород: кряковых, полукряковых, шилохвостых, чирков, нырков и пр. Тургенев, Льгов.
|| разг. Породистость.
[Жеребец] очень высоких кровей, — и порода видна во всем. Шолохов, Тихий Дон.
2.
Вид растения (применительно к древесным и кустарниковым растениям).
Елка молодая пользуется каждой возможностью, чтобы укрыться в тени от мороза и горячих лучей солнца. Любая порода — береза, осина, сосна — лишь бы тень.
М. Пришвин, Глаза земли.
3.
Категория людей, отличающихся от других какими-л. признаками.
По-видимому, она принадлежала к породе тех женщин, которые никогда не стараются, никогда не задумываются. Салтыков-Щедрин, Губернские очерки.
Горбоносый и крепколицый, с ястребиными глазами, могучий в груди, плечах, — — он был из богатырской породы русских людей. А. Н. Толстой, Богатырь Советской земли.
4.устар.
Принадлежность по рождению к какому-л. роду, сословию, определенной социальной группе.
В своей последующей деятельности он постоянно доказывал, что не дорожит породою, возвышая и приближая к себе людей всех званий. Добролюбов, Первые годы царствования Петра Великого.
Губернаторша приняла их под свое крыло — ради сиротства и памяти о княжеской породе. И. Гончаров, Воспоминания.
||
Принадлежность к высшим социальным классам, проявлявшаяся в совокупности специфических внешних признаков.
Паклин недаром обзывал его аристократом; все в нем изобличало породу: маленькие уши, руки, ноги, несколько мелкие, но тонкие черты лица. Тургенев, Новь.
5.устар. и прост.
Род, семья, родня.
[Пьер] не казался уже толст, хотя и имел все тот же вид крупности и силы, наследственной в их породе. Л. Толстой, Война и мир.
— Наша порода вся у Могельницких спокон века на лакейском положении. Н. Островский, Рожденные бурей.
6.
Минерал, обладающий более или менее постоянным составом и являющийся составной частью земной коры.
Вулканическая порода. Горная порода.
||
Минерал, в котором заключено какое-л. ценное ископаемое.
◊
— жеребячья порода
— материнская порода
Источник:
Малый академический словарь
на Gufo.me
Значения в других словарях
порода —
По определению закона РФ о селекционных достижениях от 6 августа 1993 г. группа животных, которая независимо от охраноспособности обладает генетически обусловленными биологическими и морфологическими свойствами и признаками…
Большой юридический словарь
Порода —
Термин П. преимущественно употребляется по отношению к домашним животным или растениям для обозначения совокупности особей, представляющих некоторые определенные отличия от остальных особей того же вида; так, различают множество…
Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона
ПОРОДА —
ПОРОДА, твердое вещество, составляющее земную КОРУ. Хотя и плотная, она не обязательно должна быть твердой — ГЛИНА и вулканический ПЕПЕЛ также считаются породами. По своему происхождению породы делятся на три основные группы.
Научно-технический словарь
ПОРОДА —
ПОРОДА — грамматическая или лексико-грамматическая категория глагола в афразийских и некоторых других языках, объединяющая глаголы с общим залоговым или видовым значением и однотипной аффиксацией или внутренней флексией.
Большой энциклопедический словарь
порода —
ПОРОДА -ы; ж. 1. Целостная устойчивая группа сельскохозяйственных или некоторых других животных одного вида, обладающая определёнными признаками и особенностями, передающимися по наследству. Мясная, молочная п. скота. Породы собак.
Толковый словарь Кузнецова
порода —
ПОР’ОДА, породы, ·жен. 1. Разновидность домашних животных, отличающаяся особыми признаками от других животных того же вида. Корова холмогорской породы. Орловская порода лошадей. Певчие породы птиц.
Толковый словарь Ушакова
Порода —
I Поро́да грамматическая или лексико-грамматическая категория глагола в семито-хамитских и некоторых др. языках. Глаголы в одной П. объединяются общим залоговым или видовым значением (рефлексивным, взаимным, интенсивным и др.
Большая советская энциклопедия
порода —
I поро́да I. Производное от род. II II «рай», только др.-русск. (Изборн. Святосл. 1073 г., Нестор, Жит. Бориса и Глеба, Феодос., Печ.; см. Срезн. II, 1208 и сл.), ст.-слав. порода παράδεισος (Супр.). Восходит, во всяком случае, к греч.
Этимологический словарь Макса Фасмера
порода —
ПОРОДА, ы, ж. 1. Разновидность хозяйственно полезных животных, отличающихся какимин. признаками от животных того же вида. Скот молочной, мясной породы. П. собак. Породы рыб. Новые породы цветных норок. 2. Род или вид деревьев, древесных растений.
Толковый словарь Ожегова
порода —
См. порождать
Толковый словарь Даля
порода —
сущ., ж., употр. сравн. часто (нет) чего? породы, чему? породе, (вижу) что? породу, чем? породой, о чём? о породе; мн. что? породы, (нет) чего? пород, чему? породам, (вижу) что? породы, чем? породами, о чём? о породах…
Толковый словарь Дмитриева
порода —
порода I ж. 1. Разновидность домашних животных, отличающаяся особыми признаками от других животных того же вида. || Разновидность растений одного и того же семейства или вида. || разг.
Толковый словарь Ефремовой
порода —
ПОРОДА в животноводстве, целостная устойчивая (консолидированная) группа с.-х. ж-ных одного вида (кр. рог. скот, лошади, овцы, свиньи и др.
Сельскохозяйственный словарь
порода —
(иноск.) — особенное достоинство в человеке хорошего рода, племени (в животном чистокровном) Ср. В ней было много породы… порода в женщинах, как и в лошадях, великое дело: это открытие принадлежит юной Франции… Порода…
Фразеологический словарь Михельсона
порода —
см. >> племя, происхождение, разряд
Словарь синонимов Абрамова
порода —
сущ., кол-во синонимов…
Словарь синонимов русского языка
порода — Викисловарь
имена собственные: Богородица, Возрождение, Рождество, Рождество-Богородичный, Свято-Рождество-Богородичный, Рождествено-Богородичный
Толкование слова. Правильное произношение слова. Значение слова.
Значение слова ПОРОДА. Что такое ПОРОДА?
ПОРО́ДА, -ы, ж.
1. Целостная устойчивая группа сельскохозяйственных или некоторых других животных одного вида, обладающая определенными признаками и особенностями, передающимися по наследству. Лошади орловской породы. Порода собак. Выведение новой породы овец. □ [На пруду] выводилось и держалось бесчисленное множество уток всех возможных пород: кряковых, полукряковых, шилохвостых, чирков, нырков и пр. Тургенев, Льгов. || Разг. Породистость. [Жеребец] очень высоких кровей, — и порода видна во всем. Шолохов, Тихий Дон.
2. Вид растения (применительно к древесным и кустарниковым растениям). Лиственные породы. Теневыносливые древесные породы. □ Елка молодая пользуется каждой возможностью, чтобы укрыться в тени от мороза и горячих лучей солнца. Любая порода — береза, осина, сосна — лишь бы тень. М. Пришвин, Глаза земли.
3. Категория людей, отличающихся от других какими-л. признаками. По-видимому, она принадлежала к породе тех женщин, которые никогда не стараются, никогда не задумываются. Салтыков-Щедрин, Губернские очерки. Горбоносый и крепколицый, с ястребиными глазами, могучий в груди, плечах, — — он был из богатырской породы русских людей. А. Н. Толстой, Богатырь Советской земли.
4.Устар. Принадлежность по рождению к какому-л. роду, сословию, определенной социальной группе. В своей последующей деятельности он постоянно доказывал, что не дорожит породою, возвышая и приближая к себе людей всех званий. Добролюбов, Первые годы царствования Петра Великого. Губернаторша приняла их под свое крыло — ради сиротства и памяти о княжеской породе. И. Гончаров, Воспоминания. || Принадлежность к высшим социальным классам, проявлявшаяся в совокупности специфических внешних признаков. Паклин недаром обзывал его аристократом; все в нем изобличало породу: маленькие уши, руки, ноги, несколько мелкие, но тонкие черты лица. Тургенев, Новь.
5.Устар. и прост. Род, семья, родня. [Пьер] не казался уже толст, хотя и имел все тот же вид крупности и силы, наследственной в их породе. Л. Толстой, Война и мир. — Наша порода вся у Могельницких спокон века на лакейском положении. Н. Островский, Рожденные бурей.
6. Минерал, обладающий более или менее постоянным составом и являющийся составной частью земной коры. Вулканическая порода. Горная порода. || Минерал, в котором заключено какое-л. ценное ископаемое.
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Все породы собак. Название, описание каждой породы, фото, видео
К выбору четвероногого друга необходимо отнестись со всей серьезностью, тем более если это ваш первый опыт. Покупка собаки — это важной и ответственное решение. Появление в вашем доме питомца потребует от вас терпения, свободное время и дополнительных финансовых трат. От выбранной породы собаки зависит ее характер, способность к дрессировке, склонность к заболеваниям.
Определяем цели
Прежде, чем приобрести питомца, определитесь с какой целью вы это делаете. Вы выбираете домашнего любимца, сторожевого пса или компаньона? Ответьте себе на ряд вопросов, которые помогут выбрать породу четвероногого питомца:
Вы впервые заводите собаку? Если, да, то вам необходимо быть более осторожными в выборе породы, обратите внимание на верных, уравновешенных, и легких в уходе питомцев: бостон-терьер, голден ретривер, мопс, шипперк, тибетский спаниель;
В вашем доме живут другие питомцы? У вас в квартире обитают рыбки, попугай и кошка, тогда дружелюбные, коммуникабельные и спокойные породы собак для вас: кавалер-кинг-чарльз-спаниель, кламбер-спаниель, котон де тулеаре, итальянский спиноне;
У вас или у кого-то из членов вашей семьи есть аллергия на шерсть животных? Крайне неприятной будет ситуация если после приобретения четвероногого друга, выяснится что вас аллергия на собачью шерсть. Поэтому подумать об этом надо заранее и выберите питомца из гипоаллергенных пород: китайская хохлатая собака, курчавошерстный ретривер, лабрапудель, португальская водяная собака;
У вас есть дети? Какого возраста? Если у вас маленький ребенок, к выбору питомца надо отнестись очень серьезно, ведь некоторые породы собак плохо ладят с детьми. Поэтому ваш выбор должен ограничиться дружелюбными и общительными породами: биглл, бородатая колли, английский той-спаниель, цвергшнауцер. Стоит подумать, хорошо ли дарить собаку в подарок.
Выбор пола собаки
Приобретая питомца, учтите важный нюанс: кобели и суки нуждаются в различном уходе. Собаки женского пола более преданные по сравнению с противоположным полом. Они легче поддаются дрессировке, более покладистые. Однако, суки доставляют немало хлопот своим хозяевам регулярными течками, незапланированной или ложной беременностью. Поэтому, если в ваши планы не входит разведение щенков, задумайте об операции стерилизации собаки.
Кобели эмоционально более настойчивые, стремятся занять доминирующую позицию, поэтому требуют более строго воспитания. Псы проявляют активный интерес к сукам круглый год.
Возраст домашнего питомца
В приобретение щенка или взрослой собаки есть свои плюс и минусы. Малыша надо воспитывать, приучать его к гигиеническим процедурам, туалету. Зато, ваш питомец быстро привыкнет к вам, новому окружению и привитым вами нормам поведения.
Воспитанный, взрослый пес не позволит себе сделать лужу посреди комнаты или погрызть вашу обувь. Но, привыкание к новым хозяевам и дому может проходить длительно и мучительно. Собака может тосковать по прежним хозяевам, отказываться от еды и демонстрировать непослушание.
Однако, ваше терпение и любовь к новому питомцу вне зависимости от его возраста принесет вам ожидаемый результат.
Собаки — охранники
Вы хотите приобрести питомца для охраны вашего жилья? Для этой роли подходят не все породы собак. Так, охотничьи псы совершенно неприспособлены к этому, а бойцовские выведенные специально для поединков, испытывают теплые чувства ко всем людям без исключения, что неприемлемо для сторожевого пса.
Для охраны частного дома отлично подходят:
С охраной квартиры великолепно справляются:
Собаки для охоты
Если вы выбираете себе четвероногого друга для совместной охоты, то выбирайте питомца породы:
Охотничьих собак можно содержать как в большом доме, так и в городской квартире. Поскольку они отличаются гиперактивностью, им необходимы ежедневные активные длительные прогулки.
Декоративные собаки
Домашние питомцы декоративных пород идеальны для проживания в квартире. Большинство собак имеют небольшие размеры и дружелюбный характер. При выборе декоративного четвероногого друга обратите внимание на:
главная порода — это… Что такое главная порода?
главная порода
Forestry: chief species, main species, principal species
Смотреть что такое «главная порода» в других словарях:
главная древесная порода — Древесная порода, которая в определенных лесорастительных и экономических условиях наилучшим образом отвечает хозяйственным целям. [ГОСТ 18486 87] Тематики лесоводство … Справочник технического переводчика
ПОРОДА ГОРНАЯ КИСЛАЯ — магматическая горная порода, содержащая 65 70% двуокиси кремния (например, гранит). Экологический энциклопедический словарь. Кишинев: Главная редакция Молдавской советской энциклопедии. И.И. Дедю. 1989 … Экологический словарь
ПОРОДА — 1) группа сельскохозяйственных животных одного вида, имеющих общее происхождение (в результате искусственного отбора) и отличающихся специфическими, передающимися по наследству признаками; 2) вид или род (их хозяйственная группа) растений; 3)… … Экологический словарь
Древесная порода — род и вид древесных растений. Различают быстрорастущие и медленнорастущие; светолюбивые и теневыносливые; хвойные и лиственные древесные породы и т.п.; второстепенная древесная порода меньшей экономической и экологической ценности, чем главная… … Краткий словарь основных лесоводственно-экономических терминов
Древесная порода — Не путать с Породой древесины Древесная порода род и вид древесных растений[1]. Различают быстрорастущие и медленнорастущие, светлолюбивые и теневыносливые, хвойные и лиственные древесные породы и т. п. Хвойная порода виды… … Википедия
Осадочная порода — Содержание 1 Определение 2 Классификация осадочных горных пород 3 Генезис осадочных горных пород … Википедия
второстепенная древесная порода — Древесная порода меньшей хозяйственной ценности, чем главная древесная порода. [ГОСТ 18486 87] Тематики лесоводство … Справочник технического переводчика
КОРЕННАЯ ГОРНАЯ ПОРОДА — твердая горная порода, залегающая на месте своего первоначального образования. Находится обычно под корой выветривания и не подвержена ветровой эрозии. Экологический энциклопедический словарь. Кишинев: Главная редакция Молдавской советской… … Экологический словарь
ОСАДОЧНАЯ ПОРОДА — порода, состоящая из органических или неорганических частиц, отложенных после их транспортировки агентами денудации (ветром, водой). Экологический энциклопедический словарь. Кишинев: Главная редакция Молдавской советской энциклопедии. И.И. Дедю.… … Экологический словарь
АРАБСКАЯ ЧИСТОКРОВНАЯ ПОРОДА — верховая п да, выведенная бедуинами в центр. р нах Аравийского п ова в IV VI вв. н. э. Некрупные (высота в холке 140 156 см. . серой, рыжей или гнедой масти отличаются особой нарядностью и выраженной восточной породностью. Голова небольшая, широ … Справочник по коневодству
90000 To breed or not to breed: Breeding ewes and does for the first time 90001
90002 Should ewes and does be bred to produce their first offspring at approximately one year of age? Or should you wait until they are yearlings to breed them for the first time? The answer depends. There are many factors to consider and pros and cons to each breeding decision. 90003
90002 Breeding ewe lambs and doe kids allows you to exploit their reproductive potential. It is well-documented that ewes that are mated as lambs will have a higher lifetime production than ewes that are mated for the first time as yearlings.90003
90002 One of the most compelling reasons to consider breeding ewe lambs and doe kids is genetic improvement. Your lambs and kids should have the best genetics on your farm. Breeding them early will reduce the generation interval and speed up genetic improvement 90003
90002 At the same time, ewe lambs and doe kids have lower conception rates, give birth to fewer offspring, produce less milk, and are more likely to experience problems at the time of birthing. In addition, there may be sacrifices in growth.Ewes and does that are bred early may not catch up (in weight) until their second mating. For this reason, producers who show yearlings often delay breeding. 90003
90002 Size (weight) is a more important consideration than age when deciding if / when to breed young females. Ewe lambs and doe kids should achieve approximately two-thirds of their mature weight (at the start of the breeding seasons) before being bred. 90003
90002 90003
90002 It is often necessary to feed some grain to get ewe lambs and doe kids big enough for breeding.At the same time, ewe and doe replacements should not be fed for maximum gain, as this has been shown to be detrimental to future milk production. 90003
90002 Though heavily influenced by nutrition, ewes and does vary in the age at which they reach puberty (sexual maturity). Some breeds of sheep may not reach puberty until they are almost a year of age. Crossbred females usually reach puberty earlier than purebred females. Ewe lambs born in the fall are not likely to conceive until the next fall.90003
90002 It makes sense to breed ewe lambs and doe kids away from the main flock, as they are less competitive for the male’s service. Ewe lambs and doe kids should not be bred to males with large birth weights or heavy front-ends. They should be bred to males from the same (or smaller) breed. Nor should they be mated to large males that could cause them injury. 90003
90002 Because pregnant ewe lambs and doelings are still growing, they have higher nutritional requirements. They are also less aggressive at the feed trough.For these reasons, they should be fed and managed separately from mature females. In fact, they should not be mixed with the mature flock until they have weaned their first offspring. Yearlings that are nursing offspring, especially multiples, should be more closely monitored for signs of parasitism. 90003
90002 With good management and nutrition, producers can successfully breed ewes and does to produce offspring at approximately one year of age. Without good management and nutrition, breeding ewe lambs and doe kids can be disastrous.90003
90002 90025 About the Author 90026 90003
90002 Susan Schoenian is the Sheep & Goat Specialist at the University of Maryland’s Western Maryland Research & Education Center in Keedysville, Maryland. She has been with University of Maryland Extension since 1988. Susan began her extension career as an agricultural extension agent ( «county agent») in Wicomico County, Maryland. She also served as a Farm Management Specialist for Maryland’s nine Eastern Shore counties. In addition, she operates the Sheep 101, Sheep 201 and Maryland Small Ruminant Page websites.90003
.90000 Pros and Cons if Inbreeding Dogs 90001
90002 Copyright 1996 року, Sarah Hartwell 90003
90004 Adapted with permission from CatResource Archive 90005
90006 Inbreeding is the mating together of closely related dogs, for example mother / son, father / daughter and sibling / sibling matings. For breeders, it is a useful way of fixing traits in a breed-the pedigrees of some exhibition dogs show that many of their forebears are closely related.For example, there is a famous cat by the name of Fan Tee Cee (shown in the 1960s and 1970s) who has appeared in more and more Siamese pedigrees, sometimes several times in a single pedigree, as breeders were anxious to make their lines more typey. Superb specimens are always much sought-after for stud services or offspring (unless they have already been neutered!), Having won the approval of show judges. 90007
90006 However, inbreeding holds potential problems.The limited gene pool caused by continued inbreeding means that deleterious genes become widespread and the breed loses vigor. Laboratory animal suppliers depend on this to create uniform strains of animal which are immuno-depressed or breed true for a particular disorder, e.g. epilepsy. Such animals are so inbred as to be genetically identical (clones!), A situation normally only seen in identical twins. Similarly, a controlled amount of inbreeding can be used to fix desirable traits in farm livestock, e.g. milk yield, lean / fat ratios, rate of growth, etc. 90007
90004 90011 Natural Occurrenceof Inbreeding 90012 90005
90006 This is not to say that inbreeding does not occur naturally. A wolf pack, which is isolated from other wolf packs, by geographical or other factors, can become very inbred. The effect of any deleterious genes becomes noticeable in later generations as the majority of the offspring inherit these genes. Scientists have discovered that wolves, even if living in different areas, are genetically very similar.Possibly the desolation of their natural habitat has drastically reduced wolf numbers in the past, creating a genetic bottleneck. 90007 90006 In the wolf, the lack of genetic diversity makes them susceptible to disease since they lack the ability to resist certain viruses. Extreme inbreeding affects their reproductive success with small litter sizes and high mortality rates. Some scientists hope that they can develop a more varied gene pool by introducing wolves from other areas into the inbred wolf packs.90007 90006 Another animal suffering from the effects of inbreeding is the giant panda. As with the wolf, this has led to poor fertility among pandas and high infant mortality rates. As panda populations become more isolated from one another (due to humans blocking the routes which pandas once used to move from one area to another), pandas have greater difficulty in finding a mate with a different mix of genes and breed less successfully. 90007 90006 In cats natural isolation and inbreeding have given rise to domestic breeds such as the Manx which developed on an island so that the gene for taillessness became widespread despite the problems associated with it.Apart from the odd cat jumping ship on the Isle of Man, there was little outcrossing and the effect of inbreeding is reflected in smaller-than-average litter sizes (geneticists believe that more Manx kittens than previously thought are reabsorbed due to genetic abnormality), stillbirths and spinal abnormalities which diligent breeders have worked so hard to eliminate. 90007 90006 Some feral colonies become highly inbred due to being isolated from other cats (e.g. on a remote farm) or because other potential mates in the area have been neutered, removing them from the gene pool.Most cat workers dealing with ferals have encountered some of the effects of inbreeding. Within such colonies there may be a higher than average occurrence of certain traits. Some are not serious, e.g. a predominance of calico pattern cats. Other inherited traits which can be found in greater than average numbers in inbred colonies include polydactyly (the most extreme case reported so far being an American cat with nine toes on each foot), dwarfism (although dwarf female cats can have problems when trying to deliver kittens due to the kittens ‘head size), other structural deformities or a predisposition to certain inheritable conditions.90007 90006 The ultimate result of continued inbreeding is terminal lack of vigor and probable extinction as the gene pool contracts, fertility decreases, abnormalities increase and mortality rates rise. 90007 90004 90011 Selective Breeding 90012 90005
90006 Artificial isolation (selective breeding) produces a similar effect. When creating a new breed from an attractive mutation, the gene pool is initially necessarily small with frequent matings between related dogs.Some breeds which resulted from spontaneous mutation have been fraught with problems such as the Bulldog. Problems such as hip dysplasia and achalasia in the German Shepherd and patella luxation are more common in certain breeds and breeding lines than in others, suggesting that past inbreeding has distributed the faulty genes. Selecting suitable outcrosses can reintroduce healthy genes, which might otherwise be lost, without adversely affecting type. 90007 90006 Zoos engaged in captive breeding programs are aware of this need to outcross their own stock to animals from other collections.Captive populations are at risk from inbreeding since relatively few mates are available to the animals, hence zoos must borrow animals from each other in order to maintain the genetic diversity of offspring. 90007 90006 Inbreeding holds problems for anyone involved in animal husbandry-from canary fanciers to farmers. Attempts to change the appearance of the Pug in attempts to have a flatter face and a rounder head resulted in more C-sections being required and other congenital problems.Some of these breeds are losing their natural ability to give birth without human assistance. 90007 90006 In the dog world, a number of breeds now exhibit hereditary faults due to the overuse of a particularly «typey» stud which was later found to carry a gene detrimental to health. By the time the problems came to light they had already become widespread as the stud had been extensively used to «improve» the breed. In the past some breeds were crossed with dogs from different breeds in order to improve type, but nowadays the emphasis is on preserving breed purity and avoiding mongrels.90007 90006 Those involved with minority breeds (rare breeds) of livestock face a dilemma as they try to balance purity against the risk of genetic conformity. Enthusiasts preserve minority breeds because their genes may prove useful to farmers in the future, but at the same time the low numbers of the breed involved means that it runs the risk of becoming unhealthily inbred. When trying to bring a breed back from the point of extinction, the introduction of «new blood» through crossing with an unrelated breed is usually a last resort because it can change the very character of the breed being preserved.In livestock, successive generations of progeny must be bred back to a purebred ancestor for six to eight generations before the offspring can be considered purebred themselves. 90007 90006 In the dog fancy, breed purity is equally desirable, but can be taken to ridiculous lengths. Some fancies will not recognize «hybrid» breeds such as the white or Parti-Schnauzer because it produces variants. Breeds which can not produce some degree of variability among their offspring risk finding themselves in the same predicament as wolves and giant pandas.Such fancies have lost sight of the fact that they are registering «pedigree» dogs, not «pure-bred» dogs, especially since they may recognize breeds which require occasional outcrossing to maintain type! 90007
90004 90011 Implications of Inbreeding for the Dog Breeder 90012 90005
90006 Most dog breeders are well aware of potential pitfalls associated with inbreeding although it is tempting for a novice to continue to use one or two closely related lines in order to preserve or improve type.Breeding to an unrelated line of the same breed (where possible) or outcrossing to another breed (where permissible) can ensure vigor. Despite the risk of importing a few undesirable traits which may take a while to breed out, outcrossing can prevent a breed from stagnating by introducing fresh genes into the gene pool. It is important to outcross to a variety of different dogs considered to be genetically «sound» (do any of their previous offspring exhibit undesirable traits?) And preferably not closely related to each other.90007 90006 How can you tell if a breed or line is becoming too closely inbred? One sign is that of reduced fertility in either males or females. Male dogs are known to have a low fertility rate. Small litter sizes and high puppy mortality on a regular basis indicates that the dogs may be becoming too closely related. The loss of a large proportion of dogs to one disease indicates that the dogs are losing / have lost immune system diversity. If 50% of individuals in a breeding program die of a simple infection, there is cause for concern.90007 90006 Highly inbred dogs also display abnormalities on a regular basis as «bad» genes become more widespread. These abnormalities can be simple undesirable characteristics such as misaligned jaws (poor bite) or more serious deformities. Sometimes a fault can be traced to a single male or female that should be removed from the breeding program even if it does exhibit exceptional type. If its previous progeny are already breeding it’s tempting to think «Pandora’s Box is already open and the damage done so I’ll turn a blind eye.»Ignoring the fault and continuing to breed from the dog will cause the faulty genes to become even more widespread in the breed, causing problems later on if its descendants are bred together. 90007 90006 In cats, one breed that was almost lost because of inbreeding is the American Bobtail. Inexperienced breeders tried to produce a colorpoint bobtailed cat with white boots and white blaze and which bred true for type and color, but only succeeded in producing unhealthy inbred cats with poor temperaments.A later breeder had to outcross the small fine-boned cats she took on, at the same time abandoning the rules governing color and pattern, in order to reproduce the large, robust cats required by the standard and get the breed on a sound genetic footing . 90007
90004 90011 Conclusion 90012 90005
90006 Inbreeding is a double-edged sword. On the one hand a certain amount of inbreeding can fix and improve type to produce excellent quality animals. On the other hand, excessive inbreeding can limit the gene pool so that the breed loses vigor.Breeds in the early stages of development are most vulnerable as numbers are small and the dogs may be closely related to one another. It is up to the responsible breeder to balance inbreeding against crossings with unrelated dogs in order to maintain the overall health of the line or breed concerned. 90007
.90000 definition of breed by The Free Dictionary 90001
90002 Nothing is more easy than to tame an animal, and few things more difficult than to get it to breed freely under confinement, even in the many cases when the male and female unite. 90003 90002 I may add, that as some organisms will breed most freely under the most unnatural conditions (for instance, the rabbit and ferret kept in hutches), showing that their reproductive system has not been thus affected; so will some animals and plants withstand domestication or cultivation, and vary very slightly — perhaps hardly more than in a state of nature.90003 90002 But there is not a shadow of evidence in favour of this view: to assert that we could not breed our cart and race-horses, long and short-horned cattle, and poultry of various breeds, and esculent vegetables, for an almost infinite number of generations, would be opposed to all experience. 90003 90002 «He could easily conceive, that a HOUYHNHNM, grew weak and heavy a few days before his death, or by some accident might hurt a limb; but that nature, who works all things to perfection, should suffer any pains to breed in our bodies, he thought impossible, and desired to know the reason of so unaccountable an evil.»90003 90002» The palace of a chief minister is a seminary to breed up others in his own trade: the pages, lackeys, and porters, by imitating their master, become ministers of state in their several districts, and learn to excel in the three principal ingredients, of insolence, lying, and bribery. 90003 90002 That the productions of such marriages are generally scrofulous, rickety, or deformed children; by which means the family seldom continues above three generations, unless the wife takes care to provide a healthy father, among her neighbours or domestics, in order to improve and continue the breed.That a weak diseased body, a meagre countenance, and sallow complexion, are the true marks of noble blood; and a healthy robust appearance is so disgraceful in a man of quality, that the world concludes his real father to have been a groom or a coachman. 90003 90002 Excursion to Colonia del Sacramiento — Value of an Estancia — Cattle, how counted — Singular Breed of Oxen — Perforated Pebbles — Shepherd Dogs — Horses broken-in, Gauchos riding — Character of Inhabitants — Rio Plata — Flocks of Butterflies — Aeronaut Spiders — Phosphorescence of the Sea — Port Desire — Guanaco — Port St.90003 90002 On two occasions I met with in this province some oxen of a very curious breed, called nata or niata. 90003 90002 Muniz, of Luxan, has kindly collected for me all the information which he could respecting this breed. From his account it seems that about eighty or ninety years ago, they were rare and kept as curiosities at Buenos Ayres. 90003 He came of a breed of meat-killers and meat-eaters. 90002 And do you breed from them all indifferently, or do you take care to breed from the best only? 90003 90002 Yes, he said, that must be done if the breed of the guardians is to be kept pure.90003
.90000 DNA testing & simple inherited disorders 90001
90002 For breeding advice, please scroll down, or click here to jump to the appropriate section. 90003
90004 90005 What do DNA tests check for? 90006 90007
90002 DNA tests allow owners and breeders to check a dog’s genetic status for known simple inherited disorders. These conditions are caused by a mutation at just one gene. As a result, the inheritance of these diseases is predictable, and producing puppies affected by the disease can be avoided provided that the test results for both parents are known.Often a specific mutation known to cause a simple, single gene disorder may be known to occur in individual breeds, or related breeds, although the percentage of dogs affected by the disease is usually, but not always, very low. These diseases are most commonly tested for in purebred dogs by responsible breeders, but can also occur in cross breeds and mixed breeds. 90003
90004 90005 Why test your dog? 90006 90007
90002 Breeders are able to test their breeding stock for known inherited diseases before the dogs are bred from.Testing all potential breeding stock, where relevant, allows breeders to determine the chance a dog may pass a disease causing gene on to its offspring, giving them the information required to avoid producing clinically affected puppies. Making informed decisions from health test results enable breeders to adapt their breeding programmes and reduce the risk of the diseases appearing in future generations. 90003
90004 90005 Which DNA tests are recommended for my breed? 90006 90007
90002 Before breeding, check whether any simple inherited disorders are known to affect your breed.Information on the tests that are recommended can be found on the Kennel Club’s Breed Information Centre, or you may wish to contact your veterinary surgeon, Breed Club or your dog’s breeder. An extensive list of breed specific health tests, and which laboratories perform the analysis, can be found here. 90003
90004 90005 Want to DNA test your dog? Use CombiBreed — one swab, multiple tests, one price 90006 90007
90002 Our CombiBreed health test packages offer you a simple and cost-effective way to carry out a number of priority DNA tests all from one swab, saving you time, effort and money.90003
90002 CombiBreed health test packages are currently available for the following breeds: 90003
90030
90031 Australian Shepherd 90032
90031 Beagle 90032
90031 Border Collie 90032
90031 Cavalier King Charles Spaniel 90032
90031 Chinese Crested 90032
90031 Cocker Spaniel 90032
90031 English Springer Spaniel 90032
90031 French Bulldog 90032
90031 German Shepherd 90032
90031 Golden Retriever 90032
90031 Labrador Retriever 90032
90031 Rough Collie 90032
90031 Staffordshire Bull Terrier 90032
90057
90002 CombiBreed identifies whether your dog has any genetic material linked to a range of the most significant inherited conditions specific to your breed.We work with researchers, vets and experts from breed clubs to determine which health tests are the most important for each breed and we collaborate with our trusted scientific partner, Weatherbys, to bring you a quality and trusted service in a largely unregulated industry. 90003
90002 Find out more about CombiBreed. 90003
90002 90003
90004 90005 How to DNA test your dog 90006 90007
90002 A small number of tests require a blood sample, which needs to be drawn by a qualified person, but DNA tests are becoming increasingly based on a simple mouth swab that is totally non-invasive and can be performed by the dog’s owner.A small brush is used to gently rub the inside of the dog’s cheek. Loose cheek cells stick to the bristles of the brush, which is then dried and returned to the laboratory. The cheek cells are broken open to liberate their DNA, which is produced in sufficient amounts to allow the genetic status of any dog to be determined. 90003
90004 90005 How do I know if a dog has been DNA tested? 90006 90007
90002 The Kennel Club’s online health resource, Mate Select, allows you to search for health test results for any dog registered on the Kennel Club’s Breed Register.Searching the database is easy and only requires the dog’s registered name, registration number or stud book number. It will display any health screening test results received and recorded by the Kennel Club from any Official Kennel Club DNA testing schemes (see below for more information), or from the British Veterinary Association / Kennel Club (BVA / KC) health schemes. Not all DNA test results are published on Mate Select, but you can find a list of DNA tests recorded by the Kennel Club. 90003
90004 90005 What is an Official Kennel Club DNA Testing Scheme? 90006 90007
90002 These testing schemes involve collaboration between the Kennel Club, the Breed Clubs and the DNA testing facility.Under any one of these schemes, the breeder / owner agrees for the result of their tested dog to be sent independently to the Kennel Club by the testing laboratory. The Kennel Club then notes the result on the dog’s record in the registration database, and is published: 90003
90030
90031 In the next available Breed Records Supplement 90032
90031 On any new registration certificate issued for the dog 90032
90031 On the registration certificates of any future progeny of the dog 90032
90031 On the Health Test Results Finder in the Kennel Club’s online health resource, Mate Select 90032
90057
90002 A list of breed specific official Kennel Club DNA testing schemes and dogs tested under these schemes can be found here.90003
90004 90005 How can DNA tests become official Kennel Club schemes? 90006 90007
90002 The Kennel Club is happy to consider a club’s request to add a new DNA test to its lists and would normally need a formal request from the breed’s Breed Health Co-ordinator, or a majority request from the Breed Clubs. In most cases, the test would need to be run by a laboratory already recognised by the Kennel Club. All DNA tests must be able to record a definitive result for an individual dog, and must be based on robust science.The Kennel Club continues to work alongside Breed Clubs, Breed Health Co-ordinators, and canine health professionals in a collaborative effort to improve the health of pedigree dogs. 90003
90004 90005 What statistics are known about DNA testing? 90006 90007
90002 Statistics on the number of dogs DNA tested and recorded by the Kennel Club can be accessed in the Kennel Club’s Dog Health Group Annual Report. 90003
90002 90005 Breeding Advice 90006 90003
90002 Most DNA tested dogs can be used responsibly in a breeding programme, but the decisions you make when choosing which dogs to mate must be informed and carefully planned.90003
90002 Before looking at the breeding advice below, it is important to know which type of DNA test you have used, or are considering using. There are currently three different types of DNA tests available: 90003
90030
90031 Those that test for autosomal-recessive conditions (most DNA tests) 90032
90031 Those that test for autosomal-dominant conditions 90032
90031 Linkage tests 90032
90057
90004 90005 Autosomal-recessive conditions 90006 90007
90002 An autosomal-recessive condition means that a dog must inherit two copies of an abnormal gene before its health is affected.Each dog inherits one copy of a gene from its mother and one from its father. If the health status of both sire and dam are known, the likely health status of any puppies produced can be predicted. This means that any dog can be used responsibly in a breeding programme without the risk of producing clinically affected puppies, provided that the right mate is selected. Dogs that have been tested for an autosomal-recessive condition can be described as either: clear, carrier or affected, but what do these terms mean? 90003
90002 Clear 90003
90002 The dog does not have any copies of the abnormal gene associated with the condition you have tested for.The dog will not be clinically affected by the disorder and will only pass on a normal copy of the gene to any offspring. Clear dogs can be mated to any dogs without producing affected puppies. 90003
90002 Carrier 90003
90002 The dog has one copy of the normal gene and one copy of the abnormal gene associated with the condition you have tested for. The dog will not usually be clinically affected by the disorder, but may pass one copy of the normal gene, or one copy of the abnormal gene on to its offspring.Carrier dogs can only be mated to clear dogs without the risk of producing affected puppies. Mating a carrier to a carrier, or a carrier to an affected dog is putting the health of future puppies at risk. 90003
90002 Affected 90003
90002 The dog has two copies of the abnormal gene associated with the condition you have tested for. The dog will be clinically affected by the disorder and will pass one copy of the abnormal gene on to any potential offspring. Affected dogs can only be mated to clear dogs without risking producing affected puppies, however all resulting puppies will be carriers.Mating an affected dog to a carrier, or another affected dog is putting the health of future puppies at risk. 90003
90002 90141 90003
90002 Potentially producing affected puppies 90003
90002 Producing affected puppies that will develop the condition you tested for will have a serious impact on canine health and welfare. A mating which may produce affected puppies should never knowingly be carried out. If this mating accidentally occurs, it is important to test all of the puppies before they are bred from or are passed on to new homes.Veterinary advice should be sought as to the clinical management of any affected puppies. 90003
90002 A note on breeding from carriers and affected dogs 90003
90002 Breeding only from clear dogs can have a significant impact on genetic diversity within a breed, increasing inbreeding and therefore the likelihood of new inherited diseases emerging. 90003
90002 With simple autosomal recessive disorders, a carrier will not be affected by the condition you have tested for, but they could pass on a copy of the faulty gene if they themselves are bred from.Only when a dog inherits two copies of a faulty gene (one from its mother and one from its father) will it be affected. When used responsibly, carriers are an important part of any breeding plan and should not be overlooked. By breeding from carriers, you can keep good, healthy dogs in the breeding population, helping to maintain genetic diversity. Ultimately, however, over the course of a few generations it would be beneficial to aim to produce only clear puppies, thereby reducing the frequency of the disease causing variant of the gene in the breed.90003
90002 Similarly an affected dog could still be used in a breeding programme, but this will very much be dependent on the condition and whether the dog’s welfare would be affected by the mating / whelping process. They should only be mated to clear dogs, to ensure no affected puppies are produced. 90003
90002 Clear dogs are only known to be clear for the condition that they have been tested for, and may carry other unknown mutations which can be passed on to their offspring — it is almost certain that all individuals carry some versions of genes that if inherited in duplicate would result in disease.If a particular dog has many offspring that go on to breed themselves, these unknown mutations may then increase in frequency in the breed and a new inherited disease could emerge. In other words, no dog is completely risk-free, but there are ways a breeder can reduce the risk of known and unknown inherited disease. 90003
90002 If you are considering a mating that may produce carrier puppies, then there are several precautions that it is strongly recommended you take. 90003
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90031 It is important that carriers and affected dogs should never be used to produce affected dogs and so should never knowingly be mated to another dog that has one or more copies of the faulty gene.This means that carriers should never be bred to other carriers of the same condition or to affected dogs. 90032
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90031 Affected dogs should only ever be mated to a dog that is either tested clear or is hereditarily clear for the condition (i.e. both its parents are DNA tested clear). 90032
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90002 Sticking to these rules will mean that you can still use these dogs for breeding, while maintaining genetic diversity within the breed. 90003
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90031 Never over use a carrier or affected dog for mating.If a dog has one or two copies of a known faulty gene it should never be over used for breeding. Over using these dog’s risks increasing the frequency of the faulty gene within the population, making it more difficult for future generations to breed without increasing the risk of producing affected dogs. 90032
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90031 Do your research. If all breeders decided to use carriers or affected dogs for mating, then there is a possibility that as the frequency of mutant genes increases, then the proportion of ‘clear’ dogs would decline.You can use carriers & affected, but you always want to make sure you have a big enough supply of clear dogs. You may wish to talk to health representatives at your local Breed Club who will have access to summary information on the results of dogs that have been DNA tested and can advise you appropriately on the current situation in your breed. 90032
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90031 Any possible carrier puppies that go on to be bred from should be DNA tested prior to mating. If you do decide to produce puppies that are potentially carriers, but are concerned that they may be used by their new owners for breeding, then you may wish to consider placing an endorsement on the puppy, or include a statement in your puppy contract that any puppies used for breeding must be tested prior to mating and if the puppy is a carrier, it must only be mated to a clear dog.90032
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90002 Many people are concerned about breeding from a carrier or an affected dog because they are worried about making carriers more prevalent in the breed. Remember that every organism is already a carrier for many autosomal recessive conditions. Often, there is no way to know that these faulty genes are present until they are expressed in a dog with two copies of the gene or unless a DNA test is available. DNA tests are available for only some of the known mutations in dogs, but there are likely to be many more recessive mutations that we know nothing about.Every time you breed any dog you are already most likely breeding a dog that is a carrier for an autosomal recessive condition (this will be the same for all organisms including humans). The only difference with breeding a dog that has tested positive for a carrier is that you know what disease the autosomal recessive gene can cause. 90003
90004 90005 Autosomal-dominant conditions 90006 90007
90002 An autosomal-dominant condition means that a dog need only inherit one copy of an abnormal gene before its health is affected.Each dog inherits one copy of a gene from its mother and one from its father. If the health status of both sire and dam are known, the likely health status of any potential puppies produced can be predicted. Dogs that have been tested for an autosomal-dominant condition can be described as either: clear, heterozygous affected or homozygous affected, but what do these terms mean? 90003
90002 Clear 90003
90002 The dog does not have any copies of the abnormal genes associated with the condition you have tested for.The dog will not be clinically affected by the disorder. 90003
90002 Heterozygous affected 90003
90002 The dog has one copy of the normal gene and one copy of the abnormal gene associated with the condition you have tested for. The dog will be clinically affected by the disorder and may pass one copy of the abnormal gene associated with the condition on to its offspring. 90003
90002 Homozygous affected 90003
90002 The dog has two copies of the abnormal gene associated with the condition you have tested for.The dog will be clinically affected by the disorder and will pass one copy of the abnormal gene and the associated condition on to its offspring. 90003
90002 90202 90003
90002 Potentially producing affected puppies 90003
90002 Potentially producing affected puppies that may develop the condition you have tested will have a serious impact on canine health and welfare. Matings which could produce affected puppies should never knowingly be carried out. If this mating accidentally occurs, it is important to test all of the puppies before they are bred from or are passed on to new homes.Veterinary advice should be sought as to the clinical management of any affected puppies. 90003
90004 90005 DNA linkage test 90006 90007
90002 Most DNA tests look for a particular gene that is known to cause a particular condition. Sometimes scientists are unable to find the exact gene, but are able to know approximately where in a dog’s genome it is located. Genes and other genetic markers are often inherited together because they are near one another on the same chromosome. While it may be difficult to identify the exact gene causing a condition, scientists are sometimes able to find sections of DNA that are usually linked to, and inherited alongside, the unknown gene.By identifying these linked genetic markers, breeders are able to know, with considerable confidence, the genetic status of their dogs. These DNA tests may not be quite as accurate as tests where the gene is known — they rely on the link between the marker and the disease causing gene being maintained — but can still be highly accurate and laboratories will often estimate how accurate their test is. Health conditions which have a linkage test will still be either autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive and the breeding advice will remain the same as per conditions with these modes of inheritance, but breeders should be aware that these test are not always 100% accurate.90003
90004 90005 Making balanced breeding decisions 90006 90007
90002 As well as considering the implications of a dog’s DNA test results, there are other equally important factors to consider when deciding whether two dogs should be mated together, such as temperament, genetic diversity, conformation, other available health test results, the general health of the dogs, etc. Your breeding decisions should always be well balanced and take into consideration the qualities and compatibility of both the sire and dam that you are considering.90003
90004 90005 Are DNA test results published? 90006 90007
90002 The names and results of Kennel Club registered dogs that are tested for conditions which are part of the Kennel Club’s official testing schemes will be recorded on the Kennel Club database for recording on their database and will be made available: 90003
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90031 In the next available Breed Records Supplement 90032
90031 On any new registration certificate issued for the dog and 90032
90031 On the registration certificates of any future progeny of the dog 90032
90031 On the Health Test Results Finder in the Kennel Club’s online health resource, Mate Select 90032
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90004 90005 What statistics are known about inherited DNA tests results? 90006 90007
90002 Statistics on the number of dogs scored by the scheme and their results can be accessed in the Kennel Club’s Dog Health Group Annual Report.90003 .
