Как устроить поливочную систему из скважины или водоема

Каждый садовод согласится, что без дополнительного полива в нашей климатической зоне практически невозможно получение хороших урожаев   фруктов и овощей, а также выращивание декоративных культур, да и о зеленой лужайке без регулярного полива прийдется забыть. Для большинства загородных дач и усадеб вопрос организации полива всегда остается острым, ведь далеко не многие из них подключены к системе централизованного водоснабжения. Поэтому многие садоводы хотели бы знать, как правильно организовать полив из скважин и близлежащих естественных водоемов.

Вода из скважины

Первым шагом планирования поливочной системы должно быть определение

источника с точки зрения объема и качества самой воды. Источником воды для оросительной системы может быть любой водоем (река, озеро, пруд. ручей), колодец  или водозаборная скважина.

Рассчитывая поливать сад водой из скважины, в первую очередь нужно выяснить объемы воды (дебит скважины определяется компанией, производящей бурение и может меняться в зависимости от сезона), а главное — качество ее (определяется с помощью анализа в специализированной химической лаборатории). Вода с сухим остатком от 500 до 1000 мг/дм3 считается пресной и пригодна для питья и полива. Именно такая минерализация характерна для воды рек, большинства пресных озер и водохранилищ лесной зоны. В степной зоне, южных и юго-восточных областях Украины садоводы сталкиваются с проблемой, когда вода в водоемах и скважинах  бывает солоноватой (минерализация составляет 1000-3000 мг/л), а иногда и соленой (свыше 3000 мг/л, как у морской воды), что делает ее непригодной для полива, а также приводит к быстрому выходу из строя поливочной системы, засолению почвы и гибели растений. Такую воду применять для полива, а тем более для питья и приготовления пищи нельзя.

Решить проблему можно при помощи установки системы обратного осмоса, включающей  несколько предварительных фильтров, убирающих взвешенные в воде частицы, хлор и хлорорганические соединения, последовательно соединенных с мембраной обратного осмоса, подобно мельчайшему ситу, пропускающей только молекулы воды и кислорода, очищая воду от вредных примесей, включая бактерии и вирусы. После этого вода проходит через пост-фильтр, где исчезает запах и вода становить кристально чистой.

 Иногда воды в скважинах недостаточно по объему,  также она бывает слишком холодной для некоторых видов цветов, например, роз или рассады теплолюбивых культур. В этом случае устанавливают промежуточную накопительную емкость . В продаже имеются пластиковые вертикальные или горизонтальные бочки объемом до 2000-5000 л, куда набирают воду для отстаивания и подогрева до температуры воздуха. Емкость изготавливается из материала устойчивого к ультрафилету и погодным условиям, ее можно установить открыто или прикопать в землю на участке. Советуем бак задекорировать  в виде альпинария, живой изгородью или трельяжом с плетистыми растениями.  Для удобства обслуживания сверху имеется закручивающаяся крышка с резьбой, предотвращающая попадание мусора в поливочную воду. Объем накопительной емкости рассчитывают из площади участка и планируемого объема полива.

Сколько нужно воды для полива?

Рассчитывая объем поливочной воды, нужно учесть множество факторов: климатическая зона, состав почвы (песчаная, глинистая и т.д.), ассортимент и количество растений, сезон (в конце весны и летом поливать приходится чаще) и т.д. Вот несколько общих правил для новичков. Считается, что 2,5-сантиметровый слой воды промачивает грунт на глубину 20-25 см, для полива на эту глубину 5 соток земли нужно 130 м³ воды. Частые поливы малым объемом в жаркое время не приносят пользы, поскольку вода не достигает основного объема корней и быстро испаряется. Эффективнее поливать деревья , кустарники и рассаду в лунки с приподнятым бортом сразу большим объемом воды, стараясь промочить весь корневой ком. Чтобы понять, насколько промочилась земля, можно выкопать совком ямку на глубину 20-30 см ( почва на дне должна быть слегка влажной). В среднем для полива овощных культур, а также одно- и многолетних цветов требуется 10-15 л/ м² в неделю. Быстрее пересыхает почва в контейнерах, полив может понадобится ежедневно, а в жаркое время даже утром и вечером. Для кустарников необходимо 15-20 л воды в зависимости от размера, для саженцев деревьев 30-50 л на один полив, для деревьев старше 5-7 лет до 100-150 л, чтобы промочить 40-50 см слой грунта. Также важен обильный влагозарядный полив в октябре, если мало дождей, который помогает деревьям лучше подготовиться к зимовке.  Газон требует в среднем 10-15 л/м².

Иногда комбинируют несколько вариантов водоснабжения, либо пересматривают планируемый ассортимент растений в пользу более засухоустойчивых и неприхоливых. Установка накопительной емкости для сбора дождевой воды особого эффекта не дает, поскольку осадки выпадают в основном весной и осенью, а летом, когда наибольшая потребность в поливе, их бывает очень мало (дождевая вода долго не хранится) .

Полив из реки и естественных водоемов

Обладатели участка у реки или другого естественного водоема  должны помнить, что эта вода в сильной мере загрязнена органическими и минеральными примесями и потребует дополнительной очистки. Если предполагается брать воду из естественного водоема, сначала необходимо водозаборное устройство. В продаже имеются готовые водозаборные устройства, имеющие модификации с разной пропускной способностью от 20-35 л/с до 220-300 л/с, защищенные мелкоячеистой сеткой, предотвращающей попадание во всасывающую линию насоса мальков рыб, водорослей, плавающего мусора. Фильтрующие элементы промываются автоматически, что повышает длительность бесперебойной эксплуатации.

Водозаборное устройство

Домашние умельцы также могут изготовить самодельное водозаборное устройство, состоящее из перфорированной трубы диаметром 200-400 мм, которую помещают в сетку с отверстиями около 1мм для первичной фильтрации. Желательно также установить сетчатый фильтр пропускной способностью от 5 до 12 м³/ч (не менее, чем производительность насоса).

Чтобы качать воду, необходим насос с рабочим давлением не менее трех атмосфер. Мощность насоса рассчитывается из планируемого объема полива и расстояния от источника водоснабжения до участка. Очевидно, что насос малой мощности не может подать воду на расстояние более 10 м. Обычно для участка 6 соток достаточно насоса производительностью 3,5- 4 м ³/ч, для больших площадей — 6 м³/ч. Также важно, чтобы насос и все оборудование были изготовлены из надежных, прочных к внешним воздействиям материалов. Мы используем оборудование фирмы Hunter. Насос можно дополнительно оснастить гидроаккомулятором, реле давления и датчиком сухого хода, прекращающим работу насоса в случае падения уровня воды в водоеме.

Организация поливочной системы на участке

От источника воды прокладывается магистральный водопровод , вкопанный под землей (желательно на непромерзаемой глубине, на песчаной подушке) или проходящий по поверхности.  Чаще всего используют гнущиеся полиэтиленовые (ПЭ) трубы черного цвета диаметром 32-40 мм, которые продаются из 50 м бухт отрезками нужной длины и не требуют соединений по ходу прокладки. Изготовитель гарантирует надежную эксплуатацию ПЭ труб в течение 50 лет, стойкость к коррозии и отсутствие внутреннего загрязнения продуктами окисления. 

Также можно применять напорные клеевые ПВХ трубы, которые прокладываются по прямым линиям от источника к поливаемому участку.  Чтобы правильно выбрать трубы и фитинги (соединительные, обходные и поворотные элементы), необходимо заранее составить план  поливочной системы, начертить схему прокладки труб, определить приблизительный объем воды для вычисления пропускной способности труб и рабочего давления. Клеевой трубопровод выдерживает рабочее давление до 2 Мпа. Для склеивания ПВХ труб используется специальный клей (например, «Тангит», «Винилит», «Феникс», «Марс», время схватывания  – около 4 минут при комнатной температуре),  содержащий поливинилхлорид, растворенный в тетрагидрофуране и т.п. и специальный клеевой пистолет. Для соблюдения технологии склеивания и получения гарантированного надежного соединения, выдерживающего давление воды, работы рекомендуется производить при температуре от +5 до +35 ° С. Трубы разрезают на отрезки нужной длины с помощью специальных ножниц.

От магистрального трубопровода в зонах полива выводятся распределительные трубы, на окончании их у поверхности земли устраивают водозаборные колонки, к которым с помощью коннекторов подключаются шланги. К шлангу можно прикрепить поливочный пистолет-разбрызгиватель  или переносной дождеватель.

Для экономии воды все чаще садоводы организуют систему капельного полива, особенно эффективные в теплицах, на овощных грядках, в саду. Если вы планируете использовать воду для систем капельного орошения из скважины, колодца, реки или озера, ее необходимо предварительно тщательно фильтровать, чтобы избежать засорения отверстий капельниц. Очищают поливную воду с помощью устройств для осаждения, коагуляции, флоккуляции загрязняющих частиц. Предварительную очистку воды от механических примесей обеспечивают песчано-гравийные, щебеночные, керамзитовые и другие фильтры кассетного типа. Для окончательной очистки применяют открытые гидроциклоны, фильтры с пенополистирольной загрузкой, сетчатые фильтры и т. п.

Современные садовые центры предлагают разнообразные наборы комплектующих для организации системы полива на любом участке, а также разных ценовых категорий. При грамотном подходе даже в случае отсуствия централизованного водоснабжения возможно обеспечить на участке регулярный полив, чтобы иметь красивую цветущую усадьбу и получать щедрые урожаи для всей семьи.

Виктория Рой
ландшафтный дизайнер
специально для интернет-портала
садового центра «Ваш Сад»

Дата публикации:  10 сентября 2015г.

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They can be found all over the surface of our planet and are found in human sewage and animal waste. People that consume drinking water containing microorganisms can experience gastrointestinal illnesses and infections.Water run-off from rainfall or snow-melt can contaminate private wells by washing microorganisms into the well system or seeping underground. Leakage of waste from underground storage tanks and effluent from septic leach fields can reach a water source and result in microorganisms being present in water wells. 90013 90014 90010 90011 Nitrate and nitrite 90012 are present in chemical fertilizers, human sewage, and animal waste and fertilizers. They can contaminate a private well through groundwater movement and surface water seepage and water run-off.High levels of nitrate / nitrite in drinking water can cause methemoglobinemia or «blue baby syndrome». These substances reduce the blood’s ability to carry oxygen. 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They can be found in inks, dyes, pesticides, paints, pharmaceuticals, solvents, petroleum products, sealants, and disinfectants.Organic chemicals can enter ground water and contaminate private wells through waste disposal, spills, and surface water run-off. People that consume high levels of organic chemicals may suffer from damage to their kidneys, liver, circulatory system, nervous system, and reproductive system. 90013 90014 90010 90011 Radionuclides 90012 are radioactive forms of elements such as uranium and radium. They are harmful to humans and can be released into the environment from uranium mining and milling, coal mining, and nuclear power production.Radionuclides may also be naturally present in ground water in some areas. Radionuclides can contaminate private wells through groundwater flow, waste water seepage and flooding. Drinking water with radionuclides can cause toxic kidney effects and increase the risk of cancer. 90013 90014 90010 90011 Fluoride 90012 can be present in many aquifers and can be found in private wells. Fluoride can be helpful in preventing tooth decay. However, excessive consumption of fluoride can cause skeletal fluorosis, a condition characterized by pain and tenderness of bones and joints.Excess consumption of fluoride during formative period of tooth enamel may cause dental fluorosis, tooth discoloration and / or pitting of teeth. 90013 90039 90002 Top of Page 90003 90004 90005 Quick Reference Table 90006 90002 Private well owners can use the listed activity types and sources as a quick checklist to identify concerns to be aware of and address to protect their water quality and health. The U.S. Geologic Survey’s «Ground Water and the Rural Homeowner» provides additional information on ground water contamination.90003 90047 90048 90049 90050 Activity Type 90051 90050 Potential Well Contaminant Sources 90051 90054 90055 90056 90049 90058 Agriculture 90059 90058 90002 Fertilizer storage and use, animal feedlots, animal waste disposal systems, animal burial, manure stockpiles (e.g. pits and lagoons), manure spreading, general waste disposal wells, pesticide storage and use (e.g. spread by airplane), field irrigation 90003 90059 90054 90049 90058 Commercial 90059 90058 Airports, boatyards, railroad track and yards, junkyards, recycling and waste transfer stations, auto repairs shops, carwashes, laundromats, dry cleaners, paint shops, gas stations, construction sites, golf courses, floor drains and waste disposal wells, research laboratories and medical institutions, funeral homes and cemeteries 90059 90054 90049 90058 Industry 90059 90058 Oil and gas production and storage, pipelines, petroleum refineries, chemical manufacture and storage, mining, electroplating facilities, foundries, metal fabrication facilities, machine shops, waste disposal wells, paper mills, textile mills 90059 90054 90049 90058 Residential 90059 90058 fuel oil storage tanks, household chemical storage and use, swimming pool chemical storage, septic tanks and leach fields, sewer lines, floor drains, lawn fertilizer storage and use 90059 90054 90049 90058 Other 90059 90058 road de-icing, landfills, sewer lines, storm water pipes and drains, abandoned production and disposal wells, nearby active disposal wells, illegal dumping 90059 90054 90089 90090 90002 Top of Page 90003 90002 90003 90002 90003 90002 90003 90002 90003 90002 90003 .90000 How to Remove Iron From Well Water and Why You Should 90001 90002 90003 The removal of iron from well water first involves identifying the type of iron present in the water supply (ferric, ferrous, or iron bacteria), measuring its concentration in ppm, measuring the pH of the water, and then applying the appropriate method of iron removal, either through oxidation, ion exchange, greensand, or chemical feed. 90004 90005 90002 The following will cover several different methods for removing iron and the conditions the water should be in in order for these methods to work.90005 90008 For Iron Concentrations Less than 3 ppm 90009 90010 Water Softeners 90011 90002 Water softeners work through an ion-exchange process where elements such as iron, magnesium, and calcium are collected and exchanged with sodium. For well water with a low enough concentration of ferrous iron (less than 3 ppm) and a pH level no greater than 6.7, the ion exchange process is an effective way to remove iron from a water supply. 90005 90014 90014 90002 Jack of All Master of None / Youtube 90005 90002 Water softeners should not be used with a well water supply containing ferric iron as it is invalid for ion exchange and can quickly foul the resin beads, nor should a softener be used to remove ferrous iron in concentrations higher than 3 ppm as the resin beads may not be strong enough to pull such high concentrations of iron.90005 90002 Alkalinity is also a factor to consider since the higher the pH, the likelier ferrous iron will oxidize into ferric iron and become invalid for ion exchange. Our article on water softeners for well water systems explains how they work and how to choose the right one for your home. 90005 90008 For Iron Concentrations Greater than 3 ppm 90009 90010 Iron Filters 90011 90002 For concentrations of iron that a water softener would not be able to remove, an iron filter will be necessary.Iron filters work through a process called oxidation. 90005 90002 Because ferrous iron is soluble and easily passes through any filter, it must first be «oxidized» into ferric iron and then filtered. 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It lubricates the joints 90028 90003 90002 Cartilage, found in joints and the disks of the spine, contains around 80 percent water. Long-term dehydration can reduce the joints ‘shock-absorbing ability, leading to joint pain. 90003 90002 90027 2. It forms saliva and mucus 90028 90003 90002 Saliva helps us digest our food and keeps the mouth, nose, and eyes moist. This prevents friction and damage. Drinking water also keeps the mouth clean.Consumed instead of sweetened beverages, it can also reduce tooth decay. 90003 90002 90027 3. 90028 90027 It delivers oxygen throughout the body 90028 90003 90002 Blood is more than 90 percent water, and blood carries oxygen to different parts of the body. 90003 90002 90027 4. It boosts skin health and beauty 90028 90003 90002 With dehydration, the skin can become more vulnerable to skin disorders and premature wrinkling. 90003 90002 90027 5. It cushions the brain, spinal cord, and other sensitive tissues 90028 90003 90002 Dehydration can affect brain structure and function.It is also involved in the production of hormones and neurotransmitters. Prolonged dehydration can lead to problems with thinking and reasoning. 90003 90002 90027 6. It regulates body temperature 90028 90003 90002 Water that is stored in the middle layers of the skin comes to the skin’s surface as sweat when the body heats up. As it evaporates, it cools the body. In sport. 90003 90002 Some scientists have suggested that when there is too little water in the body, heat storage increases and the individual is less able to tolerate heat strain.90003 90002 Having a lot of water in the body may reduce physical strain if heat stress occurs during exercise. However, more research is needed into these effects. 90003 90002 90027 7, The digestive system depends on it 90028 90003 90002 The bowel needs water to work properly. Dehydration can lead to digestive problems, constipation, and an overly acidic stomach. This increases the risk of heartburn and stomach ulcers. 90003 90002 90027 8. It flushes body waste 90028 90003 90002 Water is needed in the processes of sweating and removal of urine and feces.90003 90002 90027 9. It helps maintain blood pressure 90028 90003 90002 A lack of water can cause blood to become thicker, increasing blood pressure. 90003 90002 90027 10. The airways need it 90028 90003 90002 When dehydrated, airways are restricted by the body in an effort to minimize water loss. This can make asthma and allergies worse. 90003 90002 90027 11. It makes minerals and nutrients accessible 90028 90003 90002 These dissolve in water, which makes it possible for them to reach different parts of the body.90003 90002 90027 12. It prevents kidney damage 90028 90003 90002 The kidneys regulate fluid in the body. Insufficient water can lead to kidney stones and other problems. 90003 90002 90027 13. It boosts performance during exercise 90028 90003 90002 Some scientists have proposed that consuming more water might enhance performance during strenuous activity. 90003 90002 More research is needed to confirm this, but one review found that dehydration reduces performance in activities lasting longer than 30 minutes.90003 90002 90027 14. Weight loss 90028 90003 90002 Water may also help with weight loss, if it is consumed instead of sweetened juices and sodas. «Preloading» with water before meals can help prevent overeating by creating a sense of fullness. 90003 90002 90027 15. It reduces the chance of a hangover 90028 90003 90002 When partying, unsweetened soda water with ice and lemon alternated with alcoholic drinks can help prevent overconsumption of alcohol. 90003 90002 Water helps dissolve minerals and nutrients, making them more accessible to the body.It also helps remove waste products. 90003 90002 These two functions make water vital to the kidneys. 90003 90002 Every day, the kidneys filter around 120-150 quarts of fluid. 90003 90002 Of these, approximately 1-2 quarts are removed from the body in the form of urine, and the rest is recovered by the bloodstream. 90003 90002 Water is essential for the kidneys to function. 90003 90002 If the kidneys do not function properly, waste products and excess fluid can build up inside the body. 90003 90002 Untreated, chronic kidney disease can lead to kidney failure.The organs stop working, and either dialysis or kidney transplantation is required. 90003 90002 Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the second most common type of infection in the body. They account for around 8.1 million visits to health care providers in the U.S. every year. 90003 90002 If infections spread to the upper urinary tract, including the kidneys, permanent damage can result. Sudden, or acute, kidney infections can be life-threatening, particularly if septicemia occurs. 90003 90002 Drinking plenty of water is a simple way to reduce the risk of developing a UTI and to help treat an existing UTI.90003 90002 Kidney stones interfere with how the kidneys work. When present, can complicate UTIs. These complicated UTIs tend to require longer periods of antibiotics to treat them, typically lasting 7 to 14 days. 90003 90002 The leading cause of kidney stones is a lack of water. People who report them often do not drink the recommended daily amount of water. Kidney stones may also increase the risk of chronic kidney disease. 90003 90002 In November 2014 року, the American College of Physicians issued new guidelines for people who have previously developed kidney stones.The guidelines state that increasing fluid intake to enable 2 liters of urination a day could decrease the risk of stone recurrence by at least half with no side effects. 90003 90002 Dehydration happens if we use and lose more water than the body takes in. It can lead to an imbalance in the body’s electrolytes. Electrolytes, such as potassium, phosphate, and sodium, help carry electrical signals between cells. The kidneys keep the levels of electrolytes in the body stable when they function properly.90003 90002 When the kidneys are unable to maintain a balance in the levels of electrolytes, these electrical signals become mixed up. This can lead to seizures, involving involuntary muscle movements and loss of consciousness. 90003 90002 In severe cases, dehydration can lead to kidney failure, which can be life-threatening. Possible complications of chronic kidney failure include anemia, damage to the central nervous system, heart failure, and a compromised immune system. 90003 90002 Some of the water required by the body is obtained through foods with a high water content, such as soups, tomatoes, oranges, but most come through drinking water and other beverages.90003 90002 During everyday functioning, water is lost by the body, and this needs to be replaced. We notice that we lose water through activities such as sweating and urination, but water is lost even when breathing. 90003 90002 Drinking water, whether from the tap or a bottle, is the best source of fluid for the body. 90003 90002 Milk and juices are also good sources of fluid, but beverages containing alcohol and caffeine, such as soft drinks, coffee, and beer, are not ideal because they often contain empty calories.Drinking water instead of soda can help with weight loss. 90003 90002 It was previously thought that caffeinated beverages had diuretic properties, meaning that they cause the body to release water. However, studies show that fluid loss because of caffeinated drinks is minimal. 90003 90002 The amount of water needed each day varies from person to person, depending on how active they are, how much they sweat, and so on. 90003 90002 There is no fixed amount of water that must be consumed daily, but there is general agreement on what a healthy fluid intake is.90003 90002 According to the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, the average recommended daily intake of water from both food and drink is: 90003 90002 This would be around 15.5 cups for men and just over 11 cups for women. However, around 80 percent of this should come from drinks, including water, and the rest will be from food. 90003 90002 This means that: 90003 90010 90011 Men should drink around 100 ounces, or 12.5 cups of fluid 90012 90011 Women should drink around 73 ounces, or just over 9 cups 90012 90021 90002 Fresh fruits and vegetables and all non-alcoholic fluids count towards this recommendation.90003 90002 Times when it is most important to drink plenty of water include: 90003 90010 90011 when you have a fever 90012 90011 when the weather is hot 90012 90011 if you have diarrhea and vomiting 90012 90011 when you sweat a lot, for example, due to physical activity 90012 90021 90002 Here are some facts about water: 90003 90010 90011 Babies and children have a higher percentage of water than adults. When babies are born, they are about 78 percent water, but this falls to 65 percent by the age of 1 year.90012 90011 Fatty tissue has less water than lean tissue. 90012 90011 Men have more water than women, as a percentage. 90012 90021 90008 Do we drink enough water? 90009 90002 A study carried out by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2013 analyzed data from the National Cancer Institute’s 2007 Food Attitudes and Behaviors Survey. 90003 90002 Out of a sample of 3,397 adults, the researchers found: 90003 90010 90011 7 percent of adults reported no daily consumption of drinking water 90012 90011 36 percent of adults reported drinking 1-3 cups of drinking water a day 90012 90011 35 percent of adults reported drinking 4-7 cups of drinking water a day 90012 90011 22 percent of adults reported drinking 8 cups or more a day 90012 90021 90002 People were more likely to drink less than 4 cups of drinking water daily if they consumed 1 cup or less of fruits or vegetables a day.90003 90002 The study only measured the intake of drinking water. Fluid can be gained from other beverages, but water is best because it is calorie-free, caffeine-free, and alcohol-free. 90003 90002 Seven percent of respondents reported drinking no water at all daily, and those who drank a low volume of water also consumed less fruit and vegetables. This suggests that a certain number of people are risking their health by not getting enough fluid. 90003 90002 Even if the respondents reporting low levels of water intake were obtaining enough fluid, it is likely that they would be obtaining it from sources that could potentially compromise their health in other ways.90003 90002 «The biologic requirement for water may be met with plain water or via foods and other beverages,» write the study authors. «Results from previous epidemiologic studies indicate that water intake may be inversely related to volume of calorically sweetened beverages and other fluid intake.» 90003.90000 Groundwater Wells 90001 90002 90003 • Water Science School HOME • Groundwater topics • 90004 90005 90006 90002 90008 Credit: Howard Perlman, USGS, Public domain 90009 90005 90011 Groundwater Wells 90012 90002 There’s a good chance that the average Joe who had to dig a well in ancient Egypt probably did the work with his hands, a shovel, and a bucket. He would have kept digging until he reached the 90003 water table, 90004 where all the spaces between the rock and dirt particles are filled with water, and water filled the bottom of the hole.Some wells are still dug by hand today, but more modern methods are available. 90005 90002 Wells are extremely important to all societies. In many places wells provide a reliable and ample supply of water for home uses, irrigation, and industries. Where surface water is scarce, such as in deserts, people could not survive and thrive without groundwater. 90005 90002 90005 90011 Types of wells 90012 90002 Digging a well by hand is becoming outdated today as automated drilling methods replace manual-labor methods.Modern wells are more often drilled by a truck-mounted drill rig. Still, there are many ways to put in a well — here are some of the common methods. 90005 90002 90003 DUG WELLS 90004 90005 90002 Hacking at the ground with a pick and shovel is one way to dig a well. If the ground is soft and the water table is shallow, then dug wells can work. Historically, dug wells were excavated by hand shovel to below the water table until incoming water exceeded the digger’s bailing rate. The well was lined with stones, brick, tile, or other material to prevent collapse, and was covered with a cap of wood, stone, or concrete.They can not be dug much deeper than the water table — just as you can not dig a hole very deep when you are at the beach … it keeps filling up with water! 90005 90002 90008 Example of a pump and plumbing configuration used by public water systems. (Credit: Roland Tollett, USGS) 90009 90005 90002 Dug and bored wells have a large diameter and expose a large area to the aquifer. These wells are able to obtain water from less-permeable materials such as very fine sand, silt, or clay. Some disadvantages of this type of well are that they are shallow and lack continuous casing, making them subject to contamination from nearby surface sources, and they go dry during periods of drought if the water table drops below the well bottom.90005 90002 90003 DRIVEN WELLS 90004 90005 90002 Driven wells are still common today. They are built by driving a small-diameter pipe into soft earth, such as sand or gravel. A screen is usually attached to the bottom of the pipe to filter out sand and other particles. Problems? They can only tap shallow water, and because the source of the water is so close to the surface, contamination from surface pollutants can occur. 90005 90002 90003 DRILLED WELLS 90004 90005 90002 Most modern wells are drilled, which requires a fairly complicated and expensive drill rig.Drill rigs are often mounted on big trucks. They use rotary drill bits that chew away at the rock, percussion bits that smash the rock, or, if the ground is soft, large auger bits. Drilled wells can be drilled more than 1,000 feet deep. Often a pump is placed in the well at some depth to push the water up to the surface..Wells and Pumpage 90005 90011 Water Levels in Wells 90012 90002 Groundwater users would find life easier if the water level in the 90003 aquifer 90004 that supplied their well always stayed the same.Seasonal variations in rainfall and the occasional drought affect the «height» of the underground water level. Withdrawing water from a well causes the water levels around the well to lower. The water level in a well can also be lowered if other wells near it are withdrawing water. When water levels drop below the levels of the pump intakes, then wells will begin to pump air — they will «go dry.» 90005 90002 Pumping a well lowers the water level around the well to form a cone of depression in the water table.If the cone of depression extends to other nearby wells, the water level in those wells will be lowered. The cone develops in both shallow water-table and deeper confined-aquifer systems. In the deeper confined-aquifer system, the cone of depression is indicated by a decline in the pressure and the cone spreads over a much larger area than in a water-table system. For a given rate of withdrawal, the cone of depression extends deeper in low-yielding aquifers than in high-yielding ones. 90005 90002 Even though water is present at some depth at almost any location, the success of obtaining an adequate domestic supply (usually 5 gallons per minute) of water from a well depends upon the permeability of the rock.Where permeable materials are near land surface, a shallow well may be adequate. Elsewhere, such as where clayey material directly overlies bedrock, a deep well extending into bedrock may be needed. 90005 90002 90005 90011 Private Wells 90012 90063 90002 90008 A schematic of how a typical single-home domestic water well works. (Credit: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 90009 90005 90002 Many people in the United States and worldwide supply their own water for their homes, often in more rural locations that do not have large public-supply water systems to supply water.Here is a basic diagram showing how these wells function. Although this diagram shows a single home, large wells that supply more customers work generally the same. 90005 90002 90003 WELL COMPONENTS 90004 90005 90002 Below are descriptions of the basic components found in a private water well. 90008 (90009 90008 Source: National Ground Water Association) 90009 90005 90080 90081 90003 Well Casing 90004 is the tube-shaped structure placed in the well to maintain the well opening from the target ground water to the surface.Along with grout, the casing keeps dirt and excess water out of the well. This helps prevent contaminants from less desirable groundwater from entering the well and mixing with the drinking water. Some states and local governing agencies have laws that require minimum lengths for casing. The most common materials for well casing are carbon steel, plastic, and stainless steel. Local geology often dictates what type of casing can be used. 90084 90081 90003 Well Caps 90004 are placed on top of the well casing to prevent debris, insects, or small animals from getting into the well.Well caps are usually made of aluminum or plastic. They include a vent to control pressure during well pumping. 90084 90081 90003 Well Screens 90004 are attached to the bottom of the casing to prevent too much sediment from entering the well. The most common well screens are continuous slot, slotted pipe, and perforated pipe. 90084 90081 90003 Pitless Adapter 90004 is a connector that allows the pipe carrying water to the surface to remain below the frost line. It ensures that a sanitary and frost-proof seal is maintained.90084 90081 90003 Jet Pumps 90004 are the most commonly used pumps for shallow wells (depth of 25 feet or less). Jet pumps are mounted above ground and use suction to draw water from the well. 90084 90081 90003 Submersible Pumps 90004 are the most commonly used pumps for deep private wells. The pumping unit is placed inside the well casing and connected to a power source on the surface. 90084 90105 90002 90005 90002 90005 90110 90002 90003 Learn the basics about water using our Water Primers! 90004 90005 90115 90002 90003 Do you think you know about groundwater? 90004 90005 90002 90008 Information on this page is from 90003 Ground Water and the Rural Homeowner 90004, Pamphlet, U.S. Geological Survey, 1982, by Roger M. Waller. 90009 90005 90002 90005 90002 90129 Quiz icon made by mynamepong from www.flaticon.com 90130 90005 90002 90005 90002 90005 90002 90005.